2. Wealth and Prices. Increase of wealth in modern times. Prices and wages in the Sixteenth Century. Value of money. Trend of prices. 3. Social Institutions. The monarchy, the Council of state, the Parliament. Public finance. Maintenance of Order. Sumptuary laws and "blue laws." The army. The navy. 4. Private life and manners. The nobility; the professions; the clergy. The city, the house, dress, food, drink. Sports. Manners. Morals. Position of Women. Health. CHAPTER XI. THE CAPITALISTIC REVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . 515 1. The Rise of the Power of Money. Rise of capitalism. Banking. Mining. Commerce. Manufacture. Agriculture. 2. The Rise of the Money Power. Ascendancy of the bourgeoisie over the nobility, clergy, and proletariat. Class wars. Regulation of Labor. Pauperism. CHAPTER XII. MAIN CURRENTS OF THOUGHT . . . . . . . . . 563 1. Biblical and classical scholarship. Greek and Hebrew Bibles. Translations. The classics. The vernaculars. 2. History. Humanistic history and church history. 3. Political theory. The state as power: Machiavelli. Constitutional liberty: Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, Hotman, Mornay, Bodin, Buchanan. Radicals: the _Utopia_. 4. Science. Inductive method. Mathematics. Zooelogy. Anatomy. Physics. Geography. Astronomy; Copernicus. Reform of the calendar. 5. Philosophy. The Catholic and Protestant thinkers. Skeptics. Effect of the Copernican theory: Bruno. CHAPTER XIII. THE TEMPER OF THE TIMES . . . . . . . . . 641 1. Tolerance and Intolerance. Effect of the Renaissance and Reformation. 2. Witchcraft. Causes of the mania. Protests against it. 3. Education. Schools. Effect of the Reformation. Universities. 4. Art. The ideals expressed. Painting. Architecture. Music. Effect of the Reformation and Counter-reformation. 5. Reading. Number of books. Typical themes. Greatness of the Sixteenth Century. CHAPTER XIV. THE REFORMATION INTERPRETED . . . . . . . 699 1. The Religious and Political Interpretations. Burnet, Bossuet, Sleidan, Sarpi. 2. The Rationalist Critique. Montesquieu, Voltaire, Robertson, Hume, Gibbon, Goethe, Lessing. 3. The Liberal-Romantic Appreciation. Heine, Michelet, Froude, Hegel, Ranke, Buckle. 4. The Economic and Evolutionary Interpretations. Marx, Lamprecht, Berger, Weber, Nietzsche, Troeltsch, Santayana, Harnack, Beard, Janssen, Pastor, Acton. 5. Concluding Estimate. BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 {3} THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION CHAPTER I THE OLD AND THE NEW SECTION 1. THE WORLD.