_Episterno-ceratoideus_ (Niederzieher des Zungenbeins, or Brustbeinzungenbeinmuskel, Sterno-hyoideus). A flat and fairly broad muscle which springs from the ventral surface of the episternum; behind, it is separated by a slight space from the corresponding muscle of the other side, with which it nearly covers the cervical part of the trachea. Towards its anterior end it divides into two heads; one of these inserts itself on the outer border and outer surface of the cornu of the hyoid; the other head, lying laterad to the former, is suddenly reduced to a short tendon by which it is attached to the following muscle. _Maxillo-coracoideus_ (Mylo-hyoideus anterior, Sterno-maxillare). This muscle arises from the upper border and inner surface of the caudal third of the lower jaw. In its further course it becomes tendinous and projects by a short tendon outwards from the hyoid cornu to unite with the head of the preceding muscle, as noted above; it then becomes fleshy again and is inserted on the medial part of the upper border of the coracoid. _Maxillo-hyoideus_ (Genio-ceratoidien, Hyomaxillaris, Hyoglossus, Hyomandibularis, Mylo-hyoideus posterior). This muscle arises, very thin, from the mandibular symphysis, goes thence immediately backward and inward to insert itself, by its broad end, on the whole anterior end of the horn of the hyoid and on the hyoid itself. _Cerato-hyoideus._ Arises from the horn of the hyoid and inserts itself on the body of the hyoid. _Costo-coracoideus._ This muscle arises from the distal ends of the first and second ribs and is inserted on the ventral surface of the coracoid at the boundary of the scapula. _Costo-scapularis_ (Collo-scapularis superficialis, Levator scapulæ superficialis). See shoulder muscles. _Costo-vertebralis Medialis_ (Scaleni). Fairly large, flat, and long-drawn-out three-cornered muscle. Attached by its base to the most anterior sternal rib, by its upper border to the fifth cervical rib, and by its point to the end of the second cervical rib. _Costo-vertebralis Lateralis_ (Longus colli). Originates thin and sharp on the body of the fifth thoracic vertebra, increases in thickness slowly but decidedly cephalad, then again becomes thinner and inserts itself on the inner side of the ribs of the most anterior two cervical vertebræ. _Collo-capitis_ (Rectus capitis anterior). Arises, as a rule, from the cervical centra, at times from the second thoracic vertebra (Gavialis). It extends forward and is inserted on the basi-occipital and the hinder border of the pterygoid. For a greater part of their length the two muscles lie close together, but forward they separate somewhat from each other. DORSAL NECK MUSCLES