There seems to be no question about the value of spring plowing and cultivation to put the soil in good physical condition, but many growers apparently question the value of summer cultivation. Though the surface of the soil appears to be unchanged after a period of several months, the fact is entirely overlooked that the structure of the mulch has been gradually changed and capillarity to the surface has been restored. The result is that evaporation takes place so rapidly from soils in such a condition, as well as from the leaves of the trees, that long before the end of the season the moisture is practically gone. The methods and tools used are much the same as for other orchard trees and it is only necessary to call attention to items likely to be neglected. Spring plowing should vary in depth from year to year to avoid the formation of an impervious plow-sole. The depth to plow ranges from a minimum of six inches to ten or twelve inches or more as desirable. Summer cultivation should be kept up at least once a month, and preferably oftener, throughout the summer months and the soil should be stirred to a depth of four inches to provide a mulch sufficient to hold the moisture effectively in the hot, dry climates where almonds are grown. The actual number of cultivations necessary will depend on the types of soil. Harness with projecting hames or broad singletrees or with projections of any kind to catch on the branches or bark of the trees should never be used in an orchard. _Cover Crops._—Constant cultivation throughout the summer allows the humus to be burned out of the surface soil and, by hindering the growth of vegetation, prevents the addition of a natural supply of humus to replace that which has been lost. It is necessary, therefore, that some artificial means be used to supply the deficiency. The annual growth of winter cover crops to be plowed in during the spring, while not entirely replacing the humus burned out in the summer, serves to reduce the annual loss and at the same time assists materially in improving the texture of the soil.