Upright varieties, such as the Languedoc (see figure 9) and Texas, may require heading for a longer time than the more spreading varieties. It is necessary to force them to branch nearer the ground and they should be made to spread as much as possible. Pruning to outside buds and summer pinching will aid materially and make it unnecessary to head back after the first two or three years. Where this is not done, heading may be necessary at the end of the third and possibly to the fourth year if the tree is in rich, deep, moist soil. Another advantage of summer pinching and removal of water sprouts is that the trees are not allowed to develop a thick “crow’s nest” at the end of the stubs where heading back was done the previous winter, making the following winter pruning much easier. The habit of growth of each of the principal commercial varieties is shown in figures 8 to 12, inclusive. After the main framework is properly started, further pruning will be limited to thinning out the tree to keep it sufficiently open and to remove all dead, injured and interfering branches. Most of the growth after this will continue from the ends of the remaining branches and as the trees grow higher they will tend to branch more. All cross branches and those that are liable to interfere later should be taken out. All water sprouts should be removed unless they are needed to fill in undesirable open spaces. As the trees come into full bearing and approach maturity, the vigorous wood growth will cease and will be replaced by a moderate yearly growth of wood which will gradually increase the size of the tree without making it unmanageable. Where trees continue to make excessive wood growth when they should be bearing, the trouble may generally be traced to unusually rich, moist soil, a condition which pruning cannot correct. It may be beneficial to stop pruning altogether for a few years, which will be likely to throw the trees into heavy bearing and thus stop excessive wood growth. After the bearing habit is once thoroughly established, moderate pruning may be done to get the tree back into proper shape. [Illustration: Fig. 13.—Eighteen-year-old almond trees deheaded six feet from ground, in the Armstrong orchard near Davis. Stubs painted with white lead. Photo taken February, 1914. Compare with Figs. 14 to 19.] [Illustration: Fig. 14.—Same trees as Fig. 13, showing growth one year after deheading. Photo taken March, 1915. On some of the trees long stubs were left near the bottom of the trees from which new growth never started. Only a moderate thinning out of the new growth was done.]