Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive.) The Slaveholding Indians (1) As Slaveholder and Secessionist (2) As Participants in the Civil War (3) Under Reconstruction Vol. I [Illustration: INDIAN TERRITORY, 1861 [_From General Land Office_]] The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist AN OMITTED CHAPTER IN THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY BY ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, PH.D. THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY CLEVELAND: 1915 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY ANNIE HELOISE ABEL TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER CONTENTS PREFACE 13 I GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY, 1830-1860 17 II INDIAN TERRITORY IN ITS RELATIONS WITH TEXAS AND ARKANSAS 63 III THE CONFEDERACY IN NEGOTIATION WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES 127 IV THE INDIAN NATIONS IN ALLIANCE WITH THE CONFEDERACY 207 APPENDIX A--FORT SMITH PAPERS 285 APPENDIX B--THE LEEPER OR WICHITA AGENCY PAPERS 329 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 359 INDEX 369 ILLUSTRATIONS INDIAN TERRITORY, 1861 _Frontispiece_ MAP SHOWING FREE NEGRO SETTLEMENTS IN THE CREEK COUNTRY 25 PORTRAIT OF COLONEL DOWNING, CHEROKEE 65 PORTRAIT OF JOHN ROSS, PRINCIPAL CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES 112 PORTRAIT OF COLONEL ADAIR, CHEROKEE 221 MAP SHOWING THE RETREAT OF THE LOYAL INDIANS 263 FORT MCCULLOCH 281 PREFACE