Alaskan Indian Children 396 Portrait of Bay-bah-dwun-gay-aush 398 The Last Outpost Opp. 403 Large Indian House 404 Carlisle Indian School Buildings 406 Carlisle Indian School Campus 412 Ojibwa Woman Dying of Consumption 416 President Grant’s Medal to Red Cloud 419 Miss Kate Barnard of Oklahoma 426 Chief Peo-peo-tolekt. Nez Perce Warrior 430 The Fading Sunset Opp. 433 INTRODUCTION ADDITIONAL COMMENTS With some diffidence I present a history of the American Indian during the transition period. Excepting two or three bulletins, and some public addresses, all my publications have dealt with archaeological subjects, and the Indian of the past.[1] A study of the Indian of this country, during recent years, seems to indicate that at no time in his history has he faced a more critical situation than that which confronts him today. A helpful understanding of him and his needs is vastly more important than further scientific study. In writing this book it has been difficult to select that which should be published. A wealth of material relating to the complex life of modern Indians and their affairs was offered. The comparisons between tribes of today and a century ago present an absorbing field for study. I have frequently with difficulty checked myself, as it was more easy and pleasant to speak of the past rather than of modern days. It is comparatively simple to record existing Indian customs still surviving in out-of-the-way corners of the United States. But such do not represent the present cultural state of the Indian as a whole. As my book aimed at a correct perspective of the Indians today, the inclusion of such matter and the exclusion of the widespread Indian activities in other directions, might result in a distorted perspective—certainly the picture (while more pleasing) would not be true to life. It will be observed by readers, that while I have generally described the activities of modern Indians, that the real purpose of the book is to bring before the American public the acuteness of the Indian problem, and to suggest certain recommendations.