[3] /Yale Review/, /op. cit./, p. 560. [4] The Difficulties Created by Grammarians Are to be Ignored, by W. H. Wilcox, /Atlantic Educational Journal/, Nov., 1912, p. 8. The title of this article is quoted from ministerial instructions of 1909 to the teachers of French /lyceés/. [5] /Op cit./ p. 7. Mr. Wilcox is an instructor in the Maryland State Normal School. [6] See especially chapters ix and x of Words and Their Uses and chapters xvii, xviii and xix of Every-Day English; also the preface to the latter, p. xi /et seq./ The study of other languages has been made difficult by the same attempt to force the characters of Greek and Latin grammar upon them. One finds a protest against the process, for example, in E. H. Palmer's Grammar of Hindustani, Persian and Arabic; London, 1906. In all ages, indeed, grammarians appear to have been fatuous. The learned will remember Aristophanes' ridicule of them in The Clouds, 660-690. [7] The case is well summarized in Simpler English Grammar, by Patterson Wardlaw, /Bull. of the University of S. Carolina/, No. 38, pt. iii, July, 1914. [8] Cincinnati, 1868; rev. ed., 1878. [9] New York, 1903; rev. ed., 1915. [10] Even Sweet, though he bases his New English Grammar upon the spoken language and thus sets the purists at defiance, quickly succumbs to the labelling mania. Thus his classification of tenses includes such fabulous monsters as these: continuous, recurrent, neutral, definite, indefinite, secondary, incomplete, inchoate, short and long. [11] By W. F. Webster and Alice Woodworth Cooley; Boston, 1903; rev. eds., 1905 and 1909. The authors are Minneapolis teachers. [12] /Op. cit./ p. 8. [13] Bulletin No. 2; Washington, 1917. [14] The Middle American, /American Magazine/, March, 1907. [15] /Cf./ White: Every-Day English, p. 367 /et seq./ [16] /Cf./ Sweet: New English Grammar, vol. i, p. 5. [17] Dr. Charters' report appears as Vol. XVI, No. 2, /University of Missouri Bulletin/, Education Series No. 9, Jan., 1915. He was aided in his inquiry by Edith Miller, teacher of English in one of the St. Louis high-schools. [18] You Know Me Al: New York, 1916. [19] /Saturday Evening Post/, July 11, 1914. [20] /Bin/ is the correct American pronunciation. /Bean/, as we have seen, is the English. But I have often found /ben/, rhyming with /pen/, in such phrases as "I /ben/ there." [21] See p. 209. [22] Seldom used. /Get/ is used in the place of it, as in "I am /getting/ old" and "he /got/ sick." [23] /Burned/, with a distinct /d/-sound, is almost unknown in American. See p. 201. [24] Not used. [25] /Cotched/ is heard only in the South, and mainly among the negroes. /Catch/, of course, is always pronounced /ketch/. [26] But "I /drew/ three jacks," in poker. [27] /Fotch/ is also heard, but it is not general. [28] /Fit/ and /fitten/, unless my observation errs, are heard only in dialect. /Fit/ is archaic English. /Cf./ Thornton, vol. i, p. 322.