[59] It occurs, too, of course, in other dialects of English, though by no means in all. The Irish influence probably had something to do with its prosperity in vulgar American. At all events, the Irish use it in the American manner. Joyce, in English As We Speak It in Ireland, pp. 34-5, argues that this usage was suggested by Gaelic. In Gaelic the accusative pronouns, /e/, /i/ and /iad/ (=/him/, /her/ and /them/) are often used in place of the nominatives, /sé/, /si/ and /siad/ (=/he/, /she/ and /they/), as in "is /iad/ sin na buachaillidhe" (=/them/ are the boys). This is "good grammar" in Gaelic, and the Irish, when they began to learn English, translated the locution literally. The familiar Irish "John is dead and /him/ always so hearty" shows the same influence. [60] Pp. 144-50. [61] Modern English, p. 300. [62] A New English Grammar, pt. i, p. 339. [63] History of the English Language, pp. 274-5. [64] Modern English, p. 288-9. [65] /Cf./ p. 145n. [66] A New English Grammar, pt. i, p. 341. [67] It may be worth noting here that the misuse of /me/ for /my/, as in "I lit /me/ pipe" is quite unknown in American, either standard or vulgar. Even "/me/ own" is seldom heard. This boggling of the cases is very common in spoken English. [68] A New English Grammar, pt. i, p. 341. [69] The King's English, p. 63. [70] "Hon." Edward E. Browne, of Wisconsin, in the House of Representatives, July 18, 1918, p. 9965. [71] /Cf./ Vogue Affixes in Present-Day Word-Coinage, by Louise Pound, /Dialect Notes/, vol. v, pt. i, 1918. [72] The Speech of a Child Two Years of Age, /Dialect Notes/, vol. iv, pt. ii, 1914. [73] A New English Grammar, pt. i, pp. 437-8. [74] The King's English, p. 322. See especially the quotation from Frederick Greenwood, the distinguished English journalist. [75] Report of Edward J. Brundage, attorney-general of Illinois, on the East St. Louis massacre, /Congressional Record/, Jan. 7, 1918, p. 661. [76] The King's English, /op. cit./ [77] Oct. 1, 1864. [78] /At all/, by the way, is often displaced by /any/ or /none/, as in "he don't lover her /any/" and "it didn't hurt me /none/." [79] See the bibliography for the publication of Drs. Read and Pound. [80] The only book that I can find definitely devoted to American sounds is A Handbook of American Speech, by Calvin L. Lewis; Chicago, 1916. It has many demerits. For example, the author gives a /z/-sound to the /s/ in /venison/ (p. 52). This is surely not American. [81] Maryland edition, July 18, 1914, p. 1. [82] /Cf./ Lounsbury: The Standard of Pronunciation in English, p. 172 /et seq./ [83] /Stomp/ is used only in the sense of to stamp with the foot. One always /stamps/ a letter. An analogue of /stomp/, accepted in correct English, is /strop/ (/e. g./, /razor-strop/), from /strap/. [84] Our Own, Our Native Speech, /McClure's Magazine/, Oct., 1916. [Pg242] VII Differences in Spelling § 1