The reader is perhaps surprised that I have not named _shoe-making_ as one of the practicable branches, since it has so often been incorporated into the industrial organization of various reformatory institutions; but it no longer seems a feasible undertaking for an industrial school of the modern type. The shoe-maker's occupation is gone, except as he becomes a part of the mechanism of a great factory, not making _shoes_, but confining himself to the simplest elements of a shoe, cutting uppers or scraping soles. Moreover, there is such competition and such depression in the shoe business as make this trade too unprofitable for prosecution in connection with school work. 6. _Drawing._--So far, I have been considering only manual training for boys. But there is one branch of a true industrial training which knows no sex. It is suitable and, when rightly considered, essential for boys and girls alike. While visiting the St. Louis Manual Training School two years ago, I said to Prof. Woodward, "What can we of the missionary schools, with our financial limitations, do best in this line of manual training?" He answered, "There is one thing that you can do in any school: it costs little, needs no special appliances or plant, and is the fundamental part of any industrial training, _drawing_." And he was right so far as the utility of the study is concerned. Drawing, not as a matter of picture-making, but as a means of systematic training for eye and hand, a training to accuracy and method, and as a vital help toward foremanship in any trade, ought everywhere to be held as a necessary element of industrial education. Some beginning in industrial drawing has been made in all our institutions. But, in a work like ours, the lack of special preparation on the part of most teachers, their insufficient appreciation of and faith in the study, and the lack of close direct supervision, are serious hindrances to complete success. The range of industrial work for girls is less wide than that for boys, and lies chiefly in the zone of home making and keeping. 1. _Sewing_ is the first subject of instruction. The generation of women who came out of slavery knew nothing, and still know nothing, of needle-work. And so in all our schools, even the day schools, classes in plain sewing have long found a place; though of late the work has been taken up more systematically, all the girls of certain grades being held to the sewing classes as strictly as to reading or writing. After plain sewing comes the cutting and making of garments, the various forms of seductive "fancy work" being almost wholly ignored. In our exhibit at the Madison meeting of the National Educational Association last summer were numbers of aprons, dresses, shirts, etc., made by pupils, often of the primary grades; and one of the most noticed specimens was a neatly darned stocking. Even darning must be taught to these girls in school; there is no instructor at home.