On the cold plain, higher than the summit of the Jungfrau, which borders this elevated sea are also found the enigmatical ruins of Tiahuanuco, much the most remarkable of any in America. They are the remains of imposing edifices of stone, the cyclopean blocks polished and adjusted so nicely one to the other that a knife-blade cannot be inserted in the joint.[310] In architectural character they differ widely from the remains of Incarian structures. The walls are decorated with bas-reliefs, there are remains of columns, the doors have parallel and not sloping sides, all angles are right angles, and large statues in basalt were part of the ornamentation. In these respects we recognize a different inspiration from that which governed the architecture of the Kechuas.[311] No tradition records the builders of these strange structures. No one occupied them at the time of the conquest. When first heard of, they were lonely ruins as they are to-day, whose designers and whose purposes were alike unknown. The sepulchral structures of the Aymaras also differed from those of the Incas. They were not underground vaults, but stone structures erected on the surface, with small doors through which the corpse was placed in the tomb. They were called _chulpas_, and in construction resembled the _tolas_ of the Quitus. Sometimes they are in large groups, as the _Pataca Chulpa_, “field of a hundred tombs,” in the province of Carancas.[312] AYMARA LINGUISTIC STOCK. _Canas_, in the Sierra of the province so-called, east of Cuzco. _Canchis_, in the lowlands of the province of Canas. _Carancas_, south of Lake Titicaca. _Charcas_, between Lakes Aullaga and Paria. _Collas_, or _Collaguas_, north of Lake Titicaca. _Lupacas_, west of Lake Titicaca, extending to Rio Desaguadero. _Pacasas_, occupied the eastern shore of Lake Titicaca. _Quillaguas_, on part of the southern shore of Lake Titicaca. _3. The Puquinas._ The Puquinas are also known under the names Urus or Uros, Hunos and Ochozomas. They formerly lived on the islands and shores of Lake Titicaca, in the neighborhood of Pucarini, and in several villages of the diocese of Lima. Oliva avers that some of them were found on the coast near Lambayeque.[313] If this is correct, they had doubtless been transported there by either the Incas or the Spanish authorities. They are uniformly spoken of as low in culture, shy of strangers and dull in intelligence. Acosta pretends that they were so brutish that they did not claim to be men.[314] Garcilasso de la Vega calls them rude and stupid.[315] Alcedo, writing in the latter half of the eighteenth century, states that those on the islands had, against their will, been removed to the mainland, where they dwelt in gloomy caves and in holes in the ground covered with reeds, and depended on fishing for a subsistence.