[34] See J. Kollmann, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1884, s. 181 _sq._ The conclusion of Virchow is “que les caracteres physionomiques des têtes Américaines montrent une divergence si manifeste qu’on doit renoncer definitivement à la construction d’un type universel et commun des Indigènes Américains.” _Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 260. This is substantially the conclusion at which Dr. James Aitken Meigs arrived, in his “Observations on the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in _Proc. of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila._, 1866. [35] Henry Gilman, _Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885_, p. 239. Other perforated skulls from similar graves in the same locality showed indices of, 82, 83, 85. [36] D. G. Brinton, _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography_, p. 20. (David McKay, Philadelphia.) [37] Dr. Washington Matthews, in the _American Anthropologist_, 1889, p. 337. [38] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. II., s. 195. [39] Cf. Lucien Carr, in the _Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum_, p. 367. [40] Lucien Carr, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the _Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History_, 1880; and compare Topinard, _Elements d’Anthropologie Générale_, p. 628. (Paris, 1885.) [41] H. Fritsch, in _Compte-Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 276. [42] For instance, some of the Mixes of Mexico have full beards (Herrera, _Decadas de las Indias_, Dec. IV., Lib. IX., cap. VII.); the Guarayos of Bolivia wear long straight beards, covering both lips and cheeks (D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Vol. I., p. 126); and the Cashibos of the upper Ucayali are bearded (Herndon, _Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon_, p. 209). [43] “Report on the Blackfeet,” in _Trans. Brit. Assoc. Adv. of Science_, 1885. [44] “Les Indiens de la Province de Mato Grosso,” in the _Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, 1862. [45] The Mexican president Benito Juarez was a full-blood Zapotec; Barrios of Guatemala, a full-blood Cakchiquel. [46] _Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des Peuples Indigènes de l’Amérique_, Tome I. p. 51. [47] _Ancient Society_, by Lewis H. Morgan (New York, 1878); _Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines_, by the same (Washington, 1881); Bandelier, in the _Reports of the Peabody Museum_; Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die Culturvölker Alt Amerikas_ (Cincinnati, 1887); D. G. Brinton, _The Myths of the New World_, 3d Ed. revised, David McKay (Philadelphia, 1896); _American-Hero Myths_, by the same (Philadelphia, 1882). [48] The word totem is derived from the Algonkin root _od_ or _ot_ and means that which belongs to a person or “his belongings,” in the widest sense, his village, his people, etc. [49] Among the Brazilian hordes, for instance, Martius, _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I. s. 116 (Leipzig, 1867).