[415] Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197. [416] The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur_, p. 346. [417] See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas, _Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur_, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well described by Crévaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_, p. 600, sqq. (Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon, _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them in his _Indians of British Guiana_, p. 167. [418] A. Von Humboldt, _Personal Narrative_, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng. trans. London, 1826). [419] Joseph Gumilla, _L’Orinoco Ilustrado_, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke Carib to him, but that was the _lengua general_ of the lower river. [420] A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, in _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc._, Vol. I., p. 55. [421] Arthur Simpson, _Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador_, p. 196 (London, 1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and also one of the Zaparo). [422] Printed in the _Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_, by M. L. Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52. [423] Manuel P. Albis, in _Bull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society_, Vol. I., p. 55. [424] See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani, _Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement: “De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocas _erres_, y aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y Atabaca.” (_El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido_, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid, 1745.) [425] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 113. [426] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, s. 336, sq. [427] _Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca_, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863). [428] _Ibid._, _Geografia del Estado de Cauca_, p. 313. [429] Chaffanjon, _ubi suprá_, p. 203. [430] He gives _oueni_, water, _zenquerot_, moon, as identical in the Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See his remarks in A. R. Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, p. 528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from Dr. Crévaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of the _Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_ (Paris, 1882). [431] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches. _Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali_, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850). [432] This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good authorities.