TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=. A superscript is denoted by ^x for example 12^1. Details on minor changes can be found at the end of the book. THE AMERICAN RAILWAY [Illustration: THE LAST SPAN--READY TO JOIN.] THE AMERICAN RAILWAY _ITS CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT,_ _MANAGEMENT, AND APPLIANCES_ BY THOMAS CURTIS CLARKE JOHN BOGART M. N. FORNEY E. P. ALEXANDER H. G. PROUT HORACE PORTER THEODORE VOORHEES BENJAMIN NORTON ARTHUR T. HADLEY THOMAS L. JAMES CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS B. B. ADAMS, JR. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THOMAS M. COOLEY CHAIRMAN OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION _WITH MORE THAN 200 ILLUSTRATIONS_ NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1889 COPYRIGHT, 1888, 1889, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS TROW'S PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY, NEW YORK. CONTENTS. PAGE _INTRODUCTION_ xxi BY THOMAS M. COOLEY, _Chairman Interstate Commerce Commission_. THE BUILDING OF A RAILWAY 1 BY THOMAS CURTIS CLARKE, _Civil Engineer_. Roman Tramways of Stone--First Use of Iron Rails--The Modern Railway created by Stephenson's "Rocket" in 1830--Early American Locomotives--Key to the Evolution of the American Railway--Invention of the Swivelling Truck, Equalizing Beams, and the Switchback--Locating a Road--Work of the Surveying Party--Making the Road-bed--How Tunnels are Avoided--More than Three Thousand Bridges in the United States--Old Wooden Structures--The Howe Truss--The Use of Iron--Viaducts of Steel--The American System of Laying Bridge Foundations under Water--Origin of the Cantilever--Laying the Track--How it is Kept in Repair--Premiums for Section Bosses--Number of Railway Employees in the United States--Rapid Railway Construction--Radical Changes which the Railway will Effect. FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING 47 BY JOHN BOGART, _State Engineer of New York_. Development of the Rail--Problems for the Engineer--How Heights are Climbed--The Use of Trestles--Construction on a Mountain Side--Engineering on Rope Ladders--Through the Portals of a Cañon--Feats on the Oroya Railroad, Peru--Nochistongo Cut--Rack Rails for Heavy Grades--Difficulties in Tunnel Construction--Bridge Foundations--Cribs and Pneumatic Caissons--How Men work under Water--The Construction of Stone Arches--Wood and Iron in Bridge-building--Great Suspension Bridges--The Niagara Cantilever and the enormous Forth Bridge--Elevated and Underground Roads--Responsibilities of the Civil Engineer. AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS 100