The Analogy of Religion to the Constitution and Course of Nature: To which are added two brief dissertations: I. On personal identity. II. On the nature of virtue.Butler, Joseph
Religion
The Analogy of Religion to the Constitution and Course of Nature: To which are added two brief dissertations: I. On personal identity. II. On the nature of virtue.
Butler, Joseph
Analogy (Religion); Apologetics -- Early works to 1800; Eschatology; Natural theology; Revelation
3.) The dictates of our moral faculty are God’s laws, with
sanctions. It not only raises a sense of _duty_, but a sense of
_security_ in obeying, and danger in disobeying; and this is an
explicit sanction.
4.) God’s government must conform to the nature he has given
us; and we must infer that in the upshot happiness will follow
virtue, and misery vice.
5.) Hence religious worship is a duty, if only as a means of
keeping up the sense of this government.
6.) No objection from necessity can lie against this course of
proof.
--The conclusion is wholly and directly from facts; not
from what might appear to us to be _fit_, but from what his
actions tell us _he wills_.
=2.= Natural religion has external evidence which necessity, if
true, does not affect.
1.) Suppose a person convinced of the truths of natural
religion, but ignorant of history, and of the present state of
mankind, he would inquire:
--How this religion came?
--How far the belief of it extended?
--If he found that some one had totally propounded it, as a
deduction of reason, then, though its evidences from reason
would not be impaired, its history would furnish no further
proof.
2.) But such an one would find, on the contrary,
--That essentially it had been professed in all countries.
--And can be traced up through all ages.
--And was not _reasoned out_, but revealed.
3.) These things are of great weight.
--Showing natural religion to be conformed to the common
sense of mankind.
--And either that it was revealed, or forces itself upon the
mind.
--The rude state of the early ages leads to the belief of its
being revealed, and such is the opinion of the learned.
=3.= Early pretences to revelation indicate some original real
one from which they were copied.
--The history of revelation is as old as history itself.
--Such a fact is a proof of religion, against which there is
no presumption.
--And indicates a revelation prior to the examination
of the book said to contain it; and independent of all
considerations of its being corrupted, or darkened by fables.
=4.= It is thus apparent that the _external_ evidence of religion
is considerable; and is not affected by the doctrine of necessity.
REMARKS.
1. The danger of taking custom, &c. for our moral rule.
1.) We are all liable to prejudice.
2.) Reason may be impaired, perverted, or disregarded.
3.) The matter in hand is of infinite moment.
2. The foregoing observations amount to practical proof.
_Objec._ Probabilities which cannot be confuted, may
be overbalanced by greater probabilities: much more by
demonstration. Now, as the doctrine of necessity must be true,
it cannot be that God governs us as if we were free when he
knows we are not.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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