The =vena brachialis= is located in the middle of the humerus and the triceps muscle. It is formed by the vena ulnaris, and the vena radialis. It passes with the median nerve and the brachial artery over the inner surface of the humeral joint. Posterior to the humeral head it receives the vena profunda humeri. At the shoulder cavity it receives the vena cutanea ulnaris or vena basilica. The trunk of the axillary vein is very short and is formed by the veins of the shoulder and the wing. The deeper wing veins accompany the large arterial and the nerve trunks. BRANCHES OF THE VENA ILIACA INTERNA ( Vena intervertebralis lumbalis ( Pars truncalis ( Vena renalis magna ( ( ( ( ( Vena hypogastrica caudalis sinistra ( ( Vena renalis ( Vena hypogastrica caudalis dextra ( ( ( Vena portalis ( ( Vena coccygea ( Vena cutanea et pudenda Vena iliaca ( ( Vena coccygea mesenterica interna or ( ( Vena cutanea pubica vena hypogastrica ( Pars caudalis ( Vena cutanea caudalis ( ( Vena pudenda ( Vena spermatica ( ( Vena caudalis muscularis ( ( Venæ sacrales ( ( Venæ intervertebrales sacralis ( Venæ renales ( ( Venæ renales ( Pars renalis ( Vena ischiadica ( Vena obturatoria ( Vena suprarenalis externa ( Azygos sacralis THE POSTERIOR VENA CAVA The posterior vena cava (Fig. 63, No. 18; Fig. 70, No. 8) has its origin in the posterior half of the body of the bird, somewhat to the right of the posterior aorta, near the anterior lobe of the kidney, by the union of the right and the left vena iliaca communis. It receives the blood from all of the posterior half of the body including the posterior limbs, of the visceral organs, of the abdominal and the pelvic cavity. The posterior vena cava passes dorsally through the right lobe of the liver and through the diaphragm and ends in a short, broad trunk on the posterior dorsal side of the right auricle of the heart. Its opening into the heart is guarded by two half-moon shaped valves. The basal part of the trunk reaches from the right auricle of the heart to the upper anterior rim of the liver where it receives three large trunks, first, the right and second, the left vena portalis hepatica magna, and third, smaller vessels from the liver substance. THE VEINS OF THE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY