_B._ 1, Hemal or inferior spine (hypapophysis). 2, The neural arch. 3, The pleurapophyses or rib. 4, The superior or neural spine or neurapophysis which aids in the formation of the anapophyseal ridge. 5, Parapophyseal surface for head of rib. 6, Tubercle of rib articulating with the diapophysis. 7, Lamina of neurapophysis. 8, Centrum. 9, Hemal arch. ] Between the bodies of the vertebræ are pads of fibrous cartilage. Above these bodies and inferior to the neural spines extends throughout the spinal column the large _neural canal_ which is occupied by the spinal cord. Between the vertebral segments the neural canal is exposed superiorly, since here the neural arches do not completely bridge the canal. These spaces are protected by intervertebral ligaments. In addition to the superior neural spines and the inferior spines, from the body of the vertebra project _lateral processes_, and anterior and posterior _oblique processes_. All cervical vertebræ except the atlas and the axis are made up of the following parts: a body, or centrum, a neural canal, a neural arch, a superior dorsal, or neural spine, or neurapophysis, which in most cervical vertebræ is only slightly developed, two oblique processes, or zygapophyses, two transverse processes, or diapophyses (Fig. 10, No. 12) and in some vertebræ two tubercles, or anapophyses above the posterior zygapophyses. The _prezygapophyses_ are directed upward and inward; the _postzygapophyses_ are directed downward and outward. The inferior spines are only well developed in the last two or three cervical vertebræ. Between vertebral segments, except the central sacral portion, on each side, there is an _intervertebral foramen_ (Fig. 11, No. _A_, 4), through which pass the spinal nerves. In the central portion of the sacrum where the vertebræ have fused, there are two foramina on each side for each original vertebra, one located above the other, the upper giving passage to the sensory branch, the lower to the motor branch of the nerve. =The Dorsal Vertebræ= (Fig. 4, No. 23; Fig. 11, _A_). _Location._—The dorsal, or thoracic vertebræ, or vertebræ thoracicales, aid in forming the roof of the chest cavity. _Description._—The dorsal vertebral section is made up of seven vertebræ, with strong short bodies. The first and sixth dorsal segments articulate as do the cervical, by the bodies and oblique processes. (Fig. 11, No. _A_, 3, illustrates the oblique processes.) The seventh dorsal is fused with the first lumbo-sacral vertebra. The second to the fifth inclusive of the vertebræ are fused together, and the superior and inferior spinous processes are fused into a prominent plate-like ridge.