The anatomy of the domestic fowlKaupp, B. F. (Benjamin Franklyn)
Science
The anatomy of the domestic fowl
Kaupp, B. F. (Benjamin Franklyn)
Poultry -- Anatomy
In a study of the =trunk=, note the tail, the allantois, Wolffian
ridges, the heart, and the condition and the position of the rudimentary
limbs.
Make drawing of embryo from the side view. Carefully cut off the head
immediately behind the last visceral arch, and study and draw the
structures observed on the ventral side. Note the maxillary processes,
the mandibular and the hyoid arch, the nasal pits, and the fronto-nasal
process, which is just beginning its development.
In a study of transverse sections observe from your drawing at what
level the section is made. Study and draw a section made through the
region of the anterior limbs. Note the spinal ganglion, the muscle
plate, or myotome, the condensation of mesenchyme around the notochord,
the pancreas, the liver, and the intestine; and note the distribution of
the mesenchyme. Note the ventral roots of the spinal nerves, and the
neuroblasts in the spinal cord.
In sectioning the embryo from before backward, the first sections will
pass horizontally through the hindbrain and the midbrain region. Note
the parts, including the auditory vesicle. In the first series of
sections also locate the ganglia of the pneumogastric, or vagus, the
acoustico-facialis, the trigeminus, and the glosso-pharyngeal nerves.
Note the notochord and the cardinal veins. After the disappearance of
the ear, we observe the midbrain, which, is located at one end of the
section, and the cord at the other end. The region between lies just
above the pharynx. In the following series study the visceral arches.
Note the third pair of cranial, or motor ocular, nerves. This latter
nerve springs from the floor of the midbrain. From the ventral
prolongation of the floor of the thalamencephalon there arises the
infundibulum. The hypophysis is located just beneath the infundibulum.
At this stage the hypophysis appears as a tube to empty into the mouth.
This is an ingrowth of the oral epithelium.
In a study of a section through the center of the eye we should observe
the lens and optic stalk. This is in the region of the optic chiasm.
Note the choroid fissure and the pineal gland, the latter appearing just
beyond the eyes. Just forward lies the telencephalon, or rudiments of
the cerebral hemispheres.
In a study of the =alimentary tract= we note that the mouth is bounded
by the mandibular arches. Note the maxillary processes, and the ventral
surface of the head. A finger-like diverticulum, extending from the roof
of the ruptured double membrane, formerly separating the pharynx from
the arches, forms the hypophysis. The great development of the visceral
pouches makes the pharynx rather complex. In studying sections
horizontally through the pharyngeal region note the various visceral
arches and pouches. Note the arteries of the thyroid diverticulum.
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