Thus, in spite of minor differences, the above list shows that there are numerous and detailed similarities between Anura and Urodela with respect to the features in which they differ from the Paleozoic orders. Pusey (1943) listed 26 characters which _Ascaphus_ shares with salamanders but not with more advanced frogs; a few of these might be coincidental, but most of them are of some complexity and must be taken to indicate relationship. The main adaptive specializations of Anura, however, including loss of the adult tail, extreme reduction in number of vertebrae, formation of urostyle, elongation of the ilium and lengthening of the hind legs, must have appeared at a later time than the separation of that order from any possible common stem with Urodela, although they are only partially developed in the Triassic _Protobatrachus_. Turning to the Paleozoic Amphibia, there are two groups in which some likelihood of a relationship with modern order exists. In the Pennsylvanian Trimerorhachoidea (Labyrinthodontia, order Temnospondyli) some members, such as _Eugyrinus_, _Saurerpeton_, and notably _Amphibamus_ (Fig. 1) had short, broad heads, an expansion of palatal and orbital openings, posterior widening of the parasphenoid associated with divergence of the pterygoids, a movable basipterygoid articulation, and reduction in size (but not loss) of the more posterior dermal bones of the skull. In recognition of Watson's (1940) evidence that these animals make quite suitable structural ancestors of frogs, Romer (1945) placed _Amphibamus_ in an order, Eoanura, but Gregory (1950) indicated that it might better be left with the temnospondyls. Association of the urodele stem with this group does not seem to have been proposed hitherto.