As has already been observed, it is somewhat hard to judge of the date of these bucklers. I am not aware of any portions of them having been found in the hoards of metal in which fragments of swords frequently occur. Still in the case of the shield dredged up off Woolwich the sword which accompanied it was of bronze, though of course there is no evidence of the two having been lost or deposited together. The whole character, however, of the ornamentation and workmanship is, I think, more in accordance with the Bronze Age than with the Late Celtic or Early Iron Period, though the shields probably belong to the close of the Bronze Period. Circular bucklers, or targets, no doubt remained in use until a considerably later date, but it seems probable that some other material than a thin plate of bronze was used for their manufacture. Professor Daniel Wilson[1358] remarks that on the gold coins of Tasciovanus, Cunobeline, and others of our native rulers contemporary with the first intercourse with Rome, the shields borne by the warriors are either long and double-pointed, or, if round, large and disked, and of very different construction from the Luggtonrigge shield. On one coin of Cunobeline, however (Evans, pl. xii. 14), the horseman bears a circular buckler, which, so far as can be judged from so diminutive a representation as that given on the coin, would be about 2 feet in diameter. On two small gold coins of Verica,[1359] recently published, the horseman carries a target of somewhat larger proportions. Somewhat smaller circular bucklers are carried by the horsemen on certain Spanish coins,[1360] probably of the second century B.C. One of these shields shows four smaller bosses, arranged in cruciform order around the central boss; another seems to be plain except the umbo and a projecting rim. This buckler is no doubt the Cetra, or Cætra (καίτρεα, Hesych.), in use among the people of Spain and Mauretania, which was usually made of hide, among the latter people sometimes of that of the elephant. Cæsar[1361] speaks of the “cetratæ Hispaniæ cohortes,” and Tacitus[1362] mentions the Britons as armed “ingentibus gladiis sine mucrone et brevibus cetris.” It does not appear that the Romans ever carried the cetra, which has been by Livy compared to the pelta of the Greeks and Macedonians.[1363] The clipeus appears to have been larger in size, and to have been held on the arm and not by the handle only.