The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 1 (of 2)Geikie, Archibald
History
The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 1 (of 2)
Geikie, Archibald
Volcanoes -- Great Britain
Some felsitic lavas possess a peculiar nodular structure, which was
developed during the process of consolidation. So marked does this
arrangement sometimes become that the rocks which display it have
actually been mistaken for conglomerates. It is well exhibited among
the Lower Silurian lavas of Snowdon, the Upper Silurian lavas of
Dingle, and the Lower Old Red Sandstone lavas near Killarney.
[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Micropegmatitic or Granophyric structure in
Granophyre, Mull (magnified).]
[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Ophitic structure in Dolerite, Gortacloghan,
Co. Derry (magnified).]
A marked structure among some intrusive rocks, especially of an acid
composition, is that called _Micropegmatitic_ or _Granophyric_. It
consists in a minute intergrowth of two component minerals, especially
quartz and felspar, and is more especially characteristic of certain
granitic or granitoid rocks which have consolidated at some distance
from the surface and occur as bosses, sills and dykes. It is also met
with, however, in some basic sills. Examples of all these and other
structures will occur in the course of the following description of
British volcanic rocks.
(2) The second type of devitrification, conspicuous in rocks of
more basic composition, is marked by a more complete development of
crystallization. Among basic, as among acid rocks, there are proofs of
the consolidation of definite minerals at more than one period. Where
the molten material has suddenly cooled into a black glass, porphyritic
felspars or other minerals are often to be seen which were already
floating in the magma in its molten condition. During devitrification,
however, other felspars of a later period of generation made their
appearance, but they are generally distinguishable from their
predecessors. Probably most basic and intermediate rocks, when poured
out at the surface as lavas, were no longer mere vitreous material,
but had already advanced to various stages of progress towards a stony
condition. These stages are still to some extent traceable by the aid
of the microscope.
Microlites of the component minerals are first developed, which, if the
process of aggregation is not arrested, build up more or less perfect
crystals or crystalline grains of the minerals. Eventually the glass
may be so completely devitrified by the development of its constituent
minerals as to be wholly used up, the rock then becoming entirely
crystalline, or to survive only in scanty interstitial spaces. In the
family of the basalts and dolerites the gradual transition from a true
glass into a holocrystalline compound may be followed with admirable
clearness. The component minerals have sometimes crystallized in their
own distinct crystallographic forms (idiomorphic); in other cases,
though thoroughly crystalline, they have assumed externally different
irregular shapes, fitting into each other without their Proper
geometric boundaries (allotriomorphic).
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