The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 1 (of 2)Geikie, Archibald
History
The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 1 (of 2)
Geikie, Archibald
Volcanoes -- Great Britain
Among lavas of more basic composition flow-structure is not so often
well displayed. It most frequently shows itself by the orientation
of porphyritic felspars or of lines of steam-vesicles. Occasionally,
however, sheets of basalt may be found in which a distinct streakiness
has been developed owing to variations in the differentiation of the
original molten magma. A remarkable and widespread occurrence of such a
structure is met with among the Tertiary basalt-plateaux of the Inner
Hebrides and the Faroe Islands. In the lower parts of these thick
accumulations of successive lava-sheets, a banded character is so
marked as to give the rocks the aspect of truly stratified deposits.
The observer, indeed, can hardly undeceive himself as to their real
nature until he examines them closely. As a full description of this
structure will be given in a later chapter, it may suffice to state
here that the banding arises from two causes. In some cellular lavas,
the vesicles are arranged in layers which lie parallel with the upper
and under surfaces of the sheets. These layers either project as
ribs or recede into depressions along the outcrop, and thus impart a
distinctly stratified aspect to the rock. More frequently, however,
the banded structure is produced by the alternation of different
varieties of texture, and even of composition, in the same sheet of
basalt. Lenticular seams of olivine-basalt may be found intercalated
in a more largely crystalline dolerite. These differences appear to
point to considerable variations in the constitution of the magma from
which the lavas issued--variations which already existed before the
discharge of these lavas, and which showed themselves in the successive
outflow of basaltic and doleritic material during the eruption of what
was really, as regards its appearance at the surface, one continuous
stream of molten rock. It is impossible to account for such variations
in the same sheet of lava by any process of differentiation in the
melted material during its outflow and cooling. Analogous variations
occur among the basic sills and bosses of the Tertiary volcanic series
of Britain. These, as will be more fully discussed in later chapters,
indicate a considerable amount of heterogeneity in the deep-seated
magma from which the intrusive sheets and bosses were supplied (see
vol. ii. pp. 329, 342).
[Illustration: Fig. 9.--Flow-structure in Rhyolite, Antrim, slightly
reduced.]
It is a common error to assume that flow-structure is a distinctive
character of lavas that have flowed out at the surface. In reality some
of the most perfect examples of the structure occur in dykes and sills,
both among acid and basic rocks. Innumerable instances might be quoted
from the British Isles in support of this statement.
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