[Footnote 4: Temporarily occupied by the Congo Free State.] [Footnote 5: Full particulars of Conditions of Service, etc., of Government Civil Officials in the Sudan may be obtained from the Secretary to Selection Board, Finance Ministry, Cairo.] [Footnote 6: This Department is under the Egyptian Government.] [Footnote 7: Except the Inspector-General.] [Footnote 8: Detachments of Medical Corps, Supply, Transport, Stores, Works, and Veterinary Departments are at all stations where necessary.] [Footnote 9: Estimate only.] [Footnote 10: Trade in india-rubber is at present prohibited (December, 1904).] [Footnote 11: _See_ Appendix A.] [Footnote 12: The above observations on Justice are extracted from Lord Cromer’s Report, Egypt No. 1. (1904), p. 88.] [Footnote 13: The Laboratory is the generous gift of Mr. Wellcome.] [Footnote 14: Sir W. Mather, M.P.] [Footnote 15: The figures for 1904 are:— July 1·338 August 2·592 September ·787 only. _Vide_ “The Rains of the Nile Basin, 1904,” by Capt. H. Lyons, Survey Dept., Egypt, just published.] [Footnote 16: _Vide_ Report on the Wellcome Research Laboratories—Gordon College—1904.] [Illustration: _By kind permission of Dittrich, Cairo._ THE EARL OF CROMER.] [Illustration: _By kind permission of Maull & Fox, London._ SIR WM. GARSTIN.] (_To face page_ 15.) CHAPTER II. * * * * * THE WHITE NILE. [_The reader who wishes to study in detail the whole question of the Nile Basin, its floods, discharges of rivers, schemes of irrigation, etc., etc., is referred to Sir William Garstin’s invaluable “Report on the Basin of the Upper Nile,” F.O. Bluebook, Egypt No._ 2 (1904). _Price_ 17_s._] (i.)—INTRODUCTORY. [Sidenote: General.] The White Nile and its tributaries form the life blood of the Sudan. The great river traverses it for 2,029 miles from south to north, receiving on its course through the country the Bahr El Ghazal, the Sobat, the Blue Nile, and the Atbara. Of these four tributaries the Bahr El Ghazal joins the Nile out of the swamps from the west, whilst the other three join it from the east, bringing down the fertilizing matter from the Abyssinian hills. [Sidenote: Flood.] The rise of the Nile takes place during the summer, but the dates naturally vary largely at different points.