I may almost say that wherever the aqueducts are visible, they can now be seen in my Photographs, and in some places the remains have been destroyed since these were taken, during what is called the _Restoration_ of the City Walls. Perhaps the finest and most interesting part of the Aqueducts are the great cascades at the source of the Anio Novus above Subiaco, in the bed of that river, situated in some of the finest scenery in the world. Among later works the ingenious manner in which the bed of the small river Almo is made use of to carry the water of two other mountain streams, the Aqua Crabra and the Marrana, the water of which never fails; and the manner in which the tunnel of the Aqua Julia has been used again in the twelfth century, are the most curious and interesting. This had hitherto escaped observation, and was not easily traced. The Aqua Felice was unfortunately carried out in a very rude manner; the plan of the Pope was a good one, but was spoiled by the ignorance of the engineer. The new aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia-Pia, restoring the celebrated Aqua Marcia to use in Rome, is a work deserving of high commendation. It is much to be regretted that my lamented friend the late Mr. Shepherd, to whose energy and perseverance we are chiefly indebted for this, did not live to see the completion of his work. Much credit is also due to Signor Moraldi, the originator of the scheme, to whom the Company still pay a premium, which he well deserves. His map[1] of the Aqua Marcia, of which he kindly gave me a photograph, was of great service to me, as far as it went; but I saw it was necessary to go further, and include all the Aqueducts on the eastern side of Rome. I was fortunate in meeting with Dr. Fabio Gori, who is a native of Subiaco, and has been interested in the Aqueducts from his boyhood. He shewed me that Signor Moraldi had not gone quite far enough, and that the real spring of the Marcia is about a mile further from Rome than the one he supposed to be so, which was a subsidiary spring, though of equally good water. At the original source the stone _specus_ was found, having been long concealed by being a foot or two under water. I saw it, and stood upon it, and had a photograph made, so that there could be no mistake, and the engineer of the company also saw it, and carried his aqueduct to that point; so that the real ancient Aqua Marcia now comes into Rome again, and is getting rapidly into general use, being much the best drinking water. The water supply of ancient Rome has long been a subject of interest, and can now be more perfectly understood than it ever could before. The series of Photographs of them are a thorough illustration of their history, such as could not have been made before that art was invented. CONTENTS OF THE AQUEDUCTS. PAGE PREFACE iii Introduction—Frontinus 1