[59] It must be remembered, however, that, according to Aristotle, the copper of the Mossynœci in Northern Asia Minor was brilliant and white, owing to its mixture with a species of earth, the exact nature of which was kept a secret. The Babylonian ideograph for “bronze,” therefore, may have been a similar kind of hardened copper, which was transferred to denote “bronze” when the alloy of copper and tin became known. [60] See Garstang, _El-Arâbah_, p. 10. Dr. Gladstone, however, after giving the results of his analysis of the Sixth-dynasty copper discovered by Professor Petrie at Dendera, suggests that the small amount of tin observable in it (about one per cent.) may have been added to it artificially (_Dendereh_, p. 61). Bronze was “the normal metal” of the Amorite period at Gezer (Macalister, _Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund_, April 1904, p. 119), and the three cities which represent this period go back beyond the age of the Twelfth Egyptian dynasty, to at least B.C. 2900 (see _Quarterly Statement_, January 1905, pp. 28–9). At Troy also Schliemann found numerous bronze weapons in the Second (prehistoric) city (_Ilios_, pp. 475–9). In Krete bronze daggers of the Early Minoan period (coeval with the Middle Empire of Egypt) have been found at Patema and Agia Triada (_Annual of the British School at Athens_, x. p. 198), and the pottery of the Middle Minoan period (B.C. 2000–1500) was associated at Palaikastro with a bronze button, two miniature bronze sickles, and a pair of bronze tweezers (_ibid._ p. 202). As for the Caucasus, bronze was not known there till a late date. Wilke (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1904, pp. 39–104) has shown that the bronze culture of the Caucasus was derived from the valley of the Danube, and made its way eastward along the northern coast of Pontus; see also Rössler, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1905, p. 118. [61] _Dendereh_ (Egypt Exploration Fund), p. 62, for the gold of the Sixth dynasty; _The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties_, pp. 39–40, for that of the First dynasty. [62] Vyse, _Pyramids of Gizeh_, i. p. 276. The clamp was actually found by his assistant Hill, after blasting away the two outer stones behind which it had been placed. [63] _Abydos_, part ii. p. 33. An iron pin of the age of the Eighteenth dynasty was found by Garstang at Abydos (_El-Arâbah_, p. 30). [64] _Illahun, Kahun and Gurob_, p. 12. Dr. Gladstone’s analyses give only about 2 parts of tin to 96·35 of copper. The bronze of the Eighteenth dynasty found at Gurob yielded a less proportion of tin (about 7 parts to 90 of copper) than the bronze of the Second Assyrian Empire. A ring of pure tin, however, was also discovered at Gurob. [65] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiii. pp. 367 _sqq._