[99] As the royal figures wear no crowns, they can hardly depict the king in his double office of king of Upper and Lower Egypt, and the duplication of the Pharaoh must consequently have a purely artistic origin. That this artistic origin is closely connected with the origin of the seal-cylinders is shown by the fact that the figures correspond with one of the most common designs on the latter, in which the _ka_ of the person to whom the cylinder belonged is seated on a chair similar to that of the El-Kab king, an altar with offerings of bread being set before him. [100] The eye and the ideograph of city or place. Since the eye here has the phonetic value of _eri_ or _ari_, the ideograph of “city,” which is _eri_ in Sumerian, must have the Egyptian value of _as_. [101] See my _Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia_, p. 238. [102] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres_, 4 Sér., 1899, xxvii. pp. 60–67; see _Hierakonpolis_, part ii. plate xxviii. In the _Revue d’Assyriologie_, v. pp. 29–32, Heuzey has lately drawn attention to the resemblance between the early Egyptian and Babylonian bowls of calcite or Egyptian alabaster. [103] _Lectures on the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians_, 1887, p. 33. [104] _Nature_, August 9, 1883, p. 341. [105] Daressy, “Le Cercueil d’Emsaht,” in the _Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte_, 1899, i. pp. 79–90. [106] I have called Upper Egypt the seat of the first Pharaohs, not only because the earliest dynastic monuments we possess come from thence, but also because it was of Upper Egypt and its ruling caste that the hawk-god Horus was the guardian deity. From Upper Egypt he was carried to Lower Egypt and its nomes, presumably through conquest, as is monumentally attested by the “palette” of Nar-Buzau discovered at Hierakonpolis (Capart, _Débuts de l’Art en Égypte_, p. 236). So, too, the anthropomorphic Osiris--the duplicate of Anhur--made his way from the south to the north. That Southern Arabia should have been the connecting-link between Babylonia and Egypt was the result of its being the source of the incense which was imported for religious use into both countries alike at the very beginning of their histories. That this foreign product should have been considered an indispensable adjunct of the religions of the two civilizations is one of the best proofs we have of their connection with one another. Dr. Schweinfurth has shown that the sacred trees of Egypt--the sycamore and the persea--which needed artificial cultivation for their preservation there, came from Southern Arabia, where he found them growing wild under the names of _Khanes, Burra and Lebakh_ (_Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkünde zu Berlin_, July 1889, No. 7).