Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells 126 119. Incised Pendant made of Steatite with Red Paint (Mercury) in some of the Holes and Lines 127 120. Circle and Dot Design on Whetstone made of Slate 133 121. Costumed Human Figure made of Antler 133 122. Quill-flattener made of Antler 133 123. Fragments of a Figure 133 124. Fragment of a Sculpture with Hoof-like Part 134 125. Sculptured Animal Form made of Lava 134 126. Handle of Digging Stick made of Horn of Rocky Mountain Sheep 135 127. Pipe made of Stone 136 128. Sculptured and Inlaid Pipe made of Steatite with Wooden Stem 137 129. Sketch Map of the Yakima Valley 152 INTRODUCTION. The following pages contain the results of archaeological investigations carried on by the writer for the American Museum of Natural History from May to August, 1903,[1] in the Yakima Valley between Clealum of the forested eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and Kennewick, between the mouths of the Yakima and Snake Rivers in the treeless arid region, and in the Columbia Valley in the vicinity of Priest Rapids. My preliminary notes on the archaeology of this region were published in Science.[2] Definite age cannot be assigned to the archaeological finds, since here, as to the north, the remains are found at no great depth or in soil the surface of which is frequently shifted. Some of the graves are known to be of modern Indians, but many of them antedate the advent of the white race in this region or at least contain no objects of European manufacture, such as glass beads or iron knives. On the other hand, there was found no positive evidence of the great antiquity of any of the skeletons, artifacts or structures found in the area. The greater part of the area was formerly inhabited by Sahaptian speaking people, including the Yakima, Atanum, Topinish, Chamnapum, and Wanapum, while the northern part of it was occupied by the Piskwans or Winatshmpui of the Salish linguistic stock.[3] [1] A brief report of the operations of this expedition appeared in the American Museum Journal, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 12-14, January, 1904. It was slightly revised and appeared in Science N. S. Vol. XIX, No. 484, pp. 579-580, April 8, 1904, and Records of the Past, Vol. IV, Part 4, pp. 119-127, April 1905. [2] N. S. Vol. XXIII, No. 588, p. 551-555, April 6, 1906. Reprinted in the Seattle Post Intelligencer for March, 1906, the Scientific American Supplement, Vol. LXII, No. 1602, September 15, 1906, and in the Washington Magazine, Vol. I, No. 4, June 1906. Abstracted in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, May, 1906. [3] Mooney, Plate LXXXVIII