The most important thing to avoid in the treatment of exposed pulps, as held by the authorities, is pressure, and I endorse that opinion most thoroughly. I believe a large proportion of failures in the capping of exposed pulps is due to the lack of skill on the part of the manipulator. We speak of accidental exposures in excavating; I believe that that exposure is almost inexcusable. I don't believe any graduate of the dental school of Harvard College has any right to punch an excavator into a pulp unless he intends to do it when he starts. It may be a little personal to say that my experience in accidental exposures is very small, but such is the fact. I have had cases where perhaps the exposure was excusable. In cases of a malformation of the pulp or tooth, but under ordinary circumstances, in cases that we usually meet, such exposure of the pulp I believe to be wholly inexcusable. The practitioner of to-day in opening into a cavity knows, or should know, that he is liable to come into contact with the pulp, and he therefore ought to excavate with the greatest possible care, and with the careful instructions given in the schools to-day there is no excuse for his exposing that pulp. The method cited of using gutta-percha, I do not believe in, and the placing of gutta-percha directly on the pulp, I condemn, not from my own experience, but from my observations of cases treated by other practitioners, the patients have come into my hands afterwards. Trouble has resulted in every case that I have seen, but they may have been cases which should not have been capped, and perhaps it is hardly just to deny that some were successes. The pulp, while it is an organ of great sensitiveness and extreme delicacy of structure, I believe to be most persistent in its vitality. The capillary circulation of the pulp, as you all know, arising from the vertical vessels forming loops, prevents a combination near the surface, and the absence of lymphatics in the pulp prevents medicaments from doing much good, as would be the case upon serous membrane. Where the trouble is diffused through the entire membrane, in many cases the application of arsenious acid will only destroy a part of the pulp, and has to be re-applied again and again. If a tooth has been aching, and there is congestion about the pulp, or an exuding of pus, I invariably destroy it. I don't believe a pulp can be brought to a healthy condition to stand capping after it has reached that stage. But there are many cases where patients have neglected their teeth and had a little pain, or after taking sweets, they have a severe toothache that soon passes off, so that at the time of examination there is no soreness nor inflammation; or if we have a strong, robust, healthy patient, and in excavating carefully around the pulp we remove a layer of decalcified dentine and find just a point of the pulp exposed; in such cases I do not hesitate to cap, and my mixture is as follows: