In the following chapters I have endeavoured to indicate the essential aspects of colonization in modern Argentina: the conquest of the soil by man, the exploitation of its natural resources, the development of agriculture and cattle-breeding, and the growth of the population and enlargement of the urban centres. For a new country like Argentina it is not convenient to adopt the strictly regional plan which seems to be the best means of giving a complete and methodical description of the historic countries of western Europe, where it is the only way to keep in close touch with the geographical facts. In western Europe each region is really an independent unity. It has for ages lived upon its own resources; each population-group has its horizon definitely limited; and the complex action of the environment upon man, and of man upon the country, has proceeded in each district rather on the lines of an isolated and impassioned dialogue between the two. It is quite different in Argentina. There, many of the facts which we have to record consist in an expansion of the population, a spread of methods of exploitation from zone to zone of the country, and the influence upon colonization of commerce and of the varying needs of the markets of the world. It may be well to reply in advance to a criticism which my Argentine friends are sure to make. They will complain that I have paid no attention to the people of Argentina, the creators of the greatness of the country. It is true that I have deliberately refrained from any reference to the political and moral life of the Republic, the national character and its evolution, the stoicism of the gaucho, the industry of the colonist and the merchant, or the patriotism of the Argentinians generally. My work is not a study of the Argentine nation, but a geographical introduction to such a study. I began the work during a stay in Argentina which lasted from April 1912 to August 1914. In the course of these two years I was able to visit most parts of the country; and, as the information I gathered during my travels is one of my chief sources, I give here a summary of my itineraries. _October-November 1912_: Rosario--Region of the colonies of Santa Fe--Forestry-industries of the Chaco Santiagueno--Banados of the Rio Dulce--Salta--Jujuy--Sierra de la Lumbrera. _November-December 1912_: Tucuman--Valley of Tapi--Santa Maria to the west of Aconcagua--Cafayate (Valley of Calchaqui). _December 1912-January 1913_: Catamarca--Andalgala--Valley of Pucara--Cordoba--Villa Maria. _January-February 1913_: Region of the Pampas (Province of Buenos Aires, south of Cordoba and of S. Luis, district of the Central Pampa). _March 1913_: Corrientes--Posadas--Asuncion--Forest-industries of the Chaco of Santa Fe. _August 1913_: Region of the Pampas (Province of Buenos Aires). _March 1914_: Lake Nahuel Huapi--Valcheta--San Antonio--The Rio Negro.