Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the large number of original illustrations, many of which are in color. See 61365-h.htm or 61365-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h/61365-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836 Transcriber’s note: Underscores are used to enclose text in italics; the three words that end this sentence _are in italics_. Plus signs are used to enclose text in bold face; the four words that end this sentence +are in bold face+. The symbols ^{} are used to represent a superscript; for example “3 squared” would be printed as “3^{2}”. There are 23 footnotes in the source book marked by characters such as * and †. The footnote markers have been changed to numbers and each footnote has been moved to the end of the chapter that contains its marker. [Illustration: England. I. _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_ _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._] THE ARMIES OF EUROPE Illustrated. Translated and Revised by Count Gleichen, Grenadier Guards, From the German of FEDOR VON KÖPPEN. Illustrated by Richard Knötel. London: William Clowes & Sons, Limited, 13, Charing Cross, S.W. 1890. London: Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Limited, Stamford Street and Charing Cross. CONTENTS PAGE CONTENTS iii PREFACE v TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE vii ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 1 THE GERMAN ARMY 20 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 36 ITALY 42 FRANCE 46 RUSSIA 53 DENMARK 59 SWEDEN AND NORWAY 61 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 64 SWITZERLAND 67 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM 69 TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA 73 APPENDIX (NAVIES) 79 PREFACE. “Si vis pacem, para bellum!”