The various forms of head-piece all more or less exemplify this need of convenience in use, for they protected the head and at the same time gave as much opportunity for seeing, hearing, and breathing as was compatible with their defensive qualities. The armet or close helmet is perhaps the most ingenious, with its single or double visor, which could be lifted up so as to leave the face completely exposed till the moment of attack, when it was closed and fastened with a locking hook (Plate XIII). Examples of the armourer adapting his work to the requirements of his patrons are to be found in the globose helm for fighting at barriers made by one of the Missaglia family (Tower, II, 29). Here the vision-slits were evidently found to be too large and too dangerous to the wearer. An inner plate was added with smaller holes through which no weapon used at barriers could penetrate (Plate X). A second example shown in Fig. 14 has a plate added at the lower edge to increase the height of the helm, which suggests that the last wearer had a longer neck than the original owner. This convenience in use is also to be noticed in the gauntlet, which, as the science of sword-play developed, was gradually discarded in favour of a defence formed of the portes or rings on the sword-hilt (Plate XXII). In jousting-armour there was only one position to be considered, namely, the position with hand on bridle and lance in rest. The armourer therefore strove to protect his patron when he assumed that position alone. The arm defences of jousting-armour with elbow-guard and poldermitton would be useless if the wearer had to raise his arm with a sword, but, when the lance was held in rest, the plates of the defences were so arranged that every blow slipped harmlessly off. As the right hand was protected with the large shield or vamplate fixed to the lance a gauntlet for this hand was frequently dispensed with, and, as the left hand was only employed to hold the reins, a semi-cylindrical plate protected the hand instead of the articulated gauntlet in use on the field of war (Plate I). [Illustration: _PLATE II_ EFFIGY OF RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF WARWICK S. MARY’S CHURCH, WARWICK, 1454 S. GEORGE, BY MANTEGNA, 1431-1506 ACCADEMIA, VENICE ARMOUR BY ANTONIO DA MISSAGLIA, 1480] [Illustration: FIG. 5. Horse Armour, sixteenth century. ENGLISH FRENCH GERMAN ITALIAN SPANISH 1. chanfron chanfrein ross-stirn testiera testera 2. peytral poitrail brust panzer pettiera pechera 3. crinet crinière {mähnen panzer }collo cuello {kanze } 4. pommel {pommeau }sattel-knopf primo pomo del {arcade de } arcione arzon {devant } {troussequin rückenstück }secondo zaguero 5. cantel {arcade de pausch }arcione {derrière