When you desire to enlarge the diameter of the end of a tube, it is necessary, after having brought it to a soft state, to remove it from the flame, and to press the sides of the glass outwards by means of a large rod of iron with a conical point. The tube must be again heated, and again pressed with the conical iron rod, until the proper enlargement is effected. This operation is much the same as that of bordering a tube with projecting edges. 4.--DRAWING OUT. You can _draw out_ or _contract_ a tube either in the middle or at the end. Let us in the first place consider that a tube is to be drawn out in the middle. If the tube is long, you support it with the right hand _below_, and the left hand _above_, by which means you secure the force that is necessary, as well as the position which is commodious, for turning it continually and uniformly in the flame. It must be kept in the jet till it has acquired a _cherry red heat_. You then remove it from the flame, and always continuing gently to turn it, you gradually separate the hands from each other, and draw the tube in a straight line. In this manner you produce a long thin tube in the centre of the original tube, which ought to exhibit two uniform cones where it joins the thin tube, and to have the points of these cones in the prolongation of the axis of the tube. See pl. 1, fig. 3. To draw out a tube at its extremity, you heat the extremity till it is in fusion, and then remove it from the flame; you immediately seize this extremity with the pliers, and at the same time separate the two hands. The more rapidly this operation is performed, the glass being supposed to be well softened, the more capillary will the drawn-out point of the tube be rendered. Instead of pinching the fused end with the pliers, it is simpler to bring to it the end of a little auxiliary tube, which should be previously heated, to fuse the two together, and then to draw out the end of the original tube by means of the auxiliary tube--see pl. 1, fig. 4 and 11. In all cases, the smaller the portion of tube softened, the more abrupt is the part drawn out. When you desire to draw out a point from the side of a tube, you must heat that portion alone, by holding it fixedly at the extremity of the jet of flame. When it is sufficiently softened, solder to it the end of an auxiliary tube, and then draw it out. Pl. 1, fig. 18, exhibits an example of a tube drawn out laterally. A _red heat_, or a _cherry red heat_, is best adapted to this operation. 5.--CHOKING.