THE ART OF LOGICAL THINKING OR THE LAWS OF REASONING By WILLIAM WALKER ATKINSON L.N. FOWLER & COMPANY 7, Imperial Arcade, Ludgate Circus London, E.C., England 1909 THE PROGRESS COMPANY CHICAGO, ILL. Copyright 1909 By THE PROGRESS COMPANY Chicago, Ill., U.S.A. CONTENTS I. Reasoning 9 II. The Process of Reasoning 17 III. The Concept 25 IV. The Use of Concepts 37 V. Concepts and Images 48 VI. Terms 56 VII. The Meaning of Terms 73 VIII. Judgments 82 IX. Propositions 90 X. Immediate Reasoning 99 XI. Inductive Reasoning 107 XII. Reasoning by Induction 116 XIII. Theory and Hypotheses 125 XIV. Making and Testing Hypotheses 132 XV. Deductive Reasoning 144 XVI. The Syllogism 156 XVII. Varieties of Syllogisms 167 XVIII. Reasoning by Analogy 179 XIX. Fallacies 186 CHAPTER I. REASONING "Reasoning" is defined as: "The act, process or art of exercising the faculty of reason; the act or faculty of employing reason in argument; argumentation, ratiocination; reasoning power; disputation, discussion, argumentation." Stewart says: "The word _reason_ itself is far from being precise in its meaning. In common and popular discourse it denotes that power by which we distinguish truth from falsehood, and right from wrong, and by which we are enabled to combine means for the attainment of particular ends."