The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of ReasoningAtkinson, William Walker
Philosophy
The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of Reasoning
Atkinson, William Walker
Logic; Reasoning
In logic the words _concept_ and _term_ are practically identical, but
in the popular usage of the terms there is a distinct difference. This
difference is warranted, if we depart from the theoretical phase of
logic, for the word _concept_ really denotes an _idea_ in the mind,
while the word _term_ really denotes a _word_ or name of an idea or
concept--the symbol of the latter. In a previous chapter we have seen
that Denomination, or "the act of naming or designating by a name" is
the final step or stage in forming a concept. And it is a fact that the
majority of the words in the languages of civilized people denote
general ideas or concepts. As Brooks says: "To give each individual or
particular idea a name peculiar to itself would be impracticable and
indeed impossible; the mind would soon become overwhelmed with its
burden of names. Nearly all the ordinary words of our language are
general rather than particular. The individuals distinguished by
particular names, excepting persons and places, are comparatively few.
Most objects are named only by common nouns; nearly all of our verbs
express general actions; our adjectives denote common qualities, and our
adverbs designate classes of actions and qualities. There are very few
words in the language, besides the names of persons and places, that do
not express general ideas."
In logic the word _term_ is employed to denote _any word or words which
constitute a concept_. The word _concept_ is employed strictly in the
sense of _a subject of thought_, without reference to the words
symbolizing it. The _concept_, or subject of thought, is the important
element or fact and the _term_ denoting it is merely a convenient symbol
of expression. It must be remembered that a _term_ does not necessarily
consists of but a single word, for often many words are employed to
denote the concept, sometimes even an entire clause or phrase being
found necessary for the current _term_. For the purpose of the
consideration of the subjects to be treated upon in this book, we may
agree that: _A term is the outward symbol of a concept_; and that: _The
concept is the idea expressed by the term_.
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