The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of ReasoningAtkinson, William Walker
Philosophy
The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of Reasoning
Atkinson, William Walker
Logic; Reasoning
_Accident_, a term denoting: "Any quality or circumstance which may or
may not belong to a class, accidentally as it were; or, whatever does
not really constitute an essential part of an object, person or thing."
As, for instance, the redness of a rose, for a rose might part with its
redness and still be a rose--the color is the _accident_ of the rose.
Or, a brick may be white and still be a brick, although the majority of
bricks are red--the redness or whiteness of the brick are its
_accidents_ and not its essential _properties_. Whately says:
"_Accidents_ in Logic are of two kinds--separable and inseparable. If
walking be the _accident_ of a particular man, it is a separable one,
for he would not cease to be that man though he stood still; while, on
the contrary, if Spaniard is the _accident_ connected with him, it is an
inseparable one, since he never can cease to be, ethnologically
considered, what he was born."
Arising from the classification of the meaning or content of terms, we
find the process termed "Definition."
_Definition_ is a term denoting: "An explanation of a word or term." In
Logic the term is used to denote the process of analysis in which the
_properties_ and _differences_ of a term are clearly stated. There are
of course several kinds of definitions. For instance, there is what is
called a _Real Definition_, which Whately defines as: "A definition
which explains the nature of the thing by a particular name." There is
also what is called a _Physical Definition_, which is: "A definition
made by enumerating such parts as are actually separable, such as the
hull, masts, etc., of a ship." Also a _Logical Definition_, which is: "A
definition consisting of the genus and the difference. Thus if a planet
be defined as 'a wandering star,' _star_ is the genus, and _wandering_
points out the difference between a planet and an ordinary star." An
_Accidental Definition_ is: "A definition of the _accidental_ qualities
of a thing." An _Essential Definition_ is: "a definition of the
essential _properties_ and _differences_ of an object, person or thing."
Crabbe discriminates between a Definition and an Explanation, as
follows: "A _definition_ is correct or precise; an _explanation_ is
general or ample. The _definition_ of a word defines or limits the
extent of its signification; it is the rule for the scholar in the use
of any word; the _explanation_ of a word may include both definition and
illustration; the former admits of no more words than will include the
leading features in the meaning of any term; the latter admits of an
unlimited scope for diffuseness on the part of the explainer."
Hyslop gives the following excellent explanation of the _Logical
Definition_, which as he states is the proper meaning of the term in
Logic. He states:
"The rules which regulate Logical Definition are as follows:
1. A definition should state the essential attributes of the species
defined.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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