When a Judgment is expressed in words it is called a Proposition. There is some confusion regarding the two terms, some holding that a Judgment and a proposition are identical, and that the term "proposition" may be properly used to indicate the judgment itself. But the authorities who seek for clearness of expression and thought now generally hold that: "_A Proposition is a Judgment expressed in words._" In the next chapter, in which we consider Propositions, we shall enter into a more extended consideration of the subject of Judgments as expressed in Propositions, which consideration we omit at this point in order to avoid repetition. Just as the respective subjects of Concepts and Terms necessarily blend into each other, so do the respective subjects of Judgments and Propositions. In each case, too, there is the element of the mental process on the one hand and the verbal expression of it on the other hand. It will be well to keep this fact in mind. CHAPTER IX. PROPOSITIONS We have seen that the first step of Deductive Reasoning is that which we call Concepts. The second step is that which we call Propositions. In Logic, a _Proposition_ is: "A sentence, or part of a sentence, affirming or denying a connection between the terms; limited to express assertions rather than extended to questions and commands." Hyslop defines a Proposition as: "any affirmation or denial of an agreement between two conceptions." _Examples of Propositions_ are found in the following sentences: "The rose is a flower;" "a horse is an animal;" "Chicago is a city;" all of which are affirmations of agreement between the two terms involved; also in: "A horse is not a zebra;" "pinks are not roses;" "the whale is not a fish;" etc., which are denials of agreement between the terms. The _Parts of a Proposition_ are: (1) the _Subject_, or that of which something is affirmed or denied; (2) the _Predicate_, or _the something_ which is affirmed or denied regarding the _Subject_; and (3) the _Copula_, or the verb serving as a link between the Subject and the Predicate. * * * * *