Form and formalism--Beethoven’s life--His relations with his family, teachers, friends and other contemporaries--His character--The man and the artist--Determining factors in his development--The three periods in his work and their characteristics--His place in the history of music. V. OPERATIC DEVELOPMENT IN ITALY AND FRANCE 177 Italian opera at the advent of Rossini--Rossini and the Italian operatic renaissance--_Guillaume Tell_--Donizetti and Bellini--Spontini and the historical opera--Meyerbeer’s life and works--His influence and followers--Development of _opéra comique_; Boieldieu, Auber, Hérold, Adam. PART II. THE ROMANTIC IDEAL VI. THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT: ITS CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS GROWTH 213 Modern music and modern history; characteristics of the music of the romantic period--Schubert and the German romantic movement in literature--Weber and the German reawakening--The Paris of 1830: French Romanticism--Franz Liszt--Hector Berlioz--Chopin; Mendelssohn--Leipzig and Robert Schumann--Romanticism and classicism. VII. SONG LITERATURE OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD 269 Lyric poetry and song--The song before Schubert--Franz Schubert; Carl Löwe--Robert Schumann; Robert Franz; Mendelssohn and Chopin; Franz Liszt as song writer. VIII. PIANOFORTE AND CHAMBER MUSIC OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD 293 Development of the modern pianoforte--The pioneers: Schubert and Weber--Schumann and Mendelssohn--Chopin and others--Franz Liszt, virtuoso and poet--Chamber music of the romantic period; Ludwig Spohr and others. IX. ORCHESTRAL LITERATURE AND ORCHESTRAL DEVELOPMENT 334 The perfection of instruments; emotionalism of the romantic period; enlargement of orchestral resources--The symphony in the romantic period; Schubert, Mendelssohn, Schumann; Spohr and Raff--The concert overture--The rise of program music; the symphonic _leit-motif_; Berlioz’s _Fantastique_; other Berlioz symphonies; Liszt’s dramatic symphonies--Symphonic poem; _Tasso_; Liszt’s other symphonic poems--The legitimacy of program music. X. ROMANTIC OPERA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHORAL SONG 372 The rise of German opera; Weber and the romantic opera; Weber’s followers--Berlioz as opera composer--The _drame lyrique_ from Gounod to Bizet--_Opéra comique_ in the romantic period; the _opéra bouffe_--Choral and sacred music of the romantic period. PART III. THE ERA OF WAGNER XI. WAGNER AND WAGNERISM 401