Aria, (_da capo_ form), 154ff; (development), 172ff; (German), 175. Arioso, 175. Aristotle, 55. Arne, [Dr.] Thomas, 171. Arnold, Samuel, 172. Art-ballad (German), 272ff. Art-song, (compared with folk-song) 72, 89ff; (early rise and decline), 151ff; (in 17th cent.), 162ff; (rise of modern), 186ff. Articulation, 3, 16ff, 63ff. Artificial soprano, 44. Athens, early vocal culture in, 32f. Assyria, vocal culture in, 30. _Auld Lang Syne_, 72f, 102, 112f. B Bach, Johann Sebastian, (spiritual songs), 147; (secular songs), 164; (in rel. to German song), 175. Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel (_Geistliche Lieder_), 189f. Balakireff, Mily, 127, 365. Balfe, Michael, 267. Ballad form, (compared to lyric form), 202; (Schubert), 225f; (Löwe), 272ff. Ballad opera, (18th cent.), 170ff; (19th cent.), 267. Bantock, Granville, 372f. Baritone voice, 62. Bass voice, 14. Bassani, Giovanni Battista, 160. Beethoven, 96, 177, 184, 187, 193, 196. _An die ferne Geliebte_, 154f. _In questa tomba_, 184. _Busslied_, 184. ‘Beggar’s Opera,’ 170f. Behnke, 28. Bel canto, 16, 29, 44, 158f. Benedict, Julius, 267. Béranger, 260f. Bergerette, 166f, 179f, 204. Berlioz, Hector, 262ff. Bierbaum, Otto Julius, 331. Bishop, [Sir] Henry, 105, 172, 267. Bizet, Georges, 315. Blondel (minstrel), 137f. Bohemian folk-songs, 127f. Bologna (early music school in), 37. Borodine, Alexander, 128, 365f. Brahms, Johannes, 125, _276-290_. _Æolian Harp_, 286. _Anklänge_, 285. _As the Clouds_, 285. _Before the Window_, 282. _Consolation of Spring_, 288. _Fidelity_, 284. _Going to My Sweetheart_, 282. _Gold Outweighs Love_, 288. _Gypsy Songs_, 277f, 282f. _Have a Care_, 288. _Hey, Bow and Arrow_, 287. _Hey, Ye Gypsies_, 283. _I Call from the Bank_, 288. _Is it Sorrow_, 287. _Joy Hath Left Me_, 282. _Lament_, 282. _Longing_, 282. _Love and Spring_, 284. [_The_] _Lover’s Oath_, 282. _Magyar Love Song_, 288. [_The_] _Maiden_, 282f. [_The_] _Maiden’s Curse_, 288f. _Minnelied_, 289. _Motionless Air_, 288. [_The_] _Mournful One_, 282. _Nicht mehr zu dir zu gehen_, 286. _Nightingale_, 285. [_The_] _Nut Brown Lad_, 283. _Oh, Come, Holy Summer Night_, 288. _Oh, kühler Wald_, 289. _Oh, Would I Knew the Returning Road_, 288. _On Sunday Morning_, 288. _Red Evening Clouds_, 283. _Remembrance_, 288. _Rest, Sweet Love_, 287. [_The_] _Return_, 285. _Sapphic Ode_, 289. _Serenade_, 282. [_The_] _Smith_, 285. _So steh’n wir, ich and meine Weide_, 287. [_The_] _Song of Herr von Falkenstein_, 287f. _Spanish Song_, 285. _Three Roses in a Row_, 283. _Twilight Falls_, 288. _Vain Serenade_, 289. _Volkslied_, 282. _Wie bist du, meine Königin_, 287. _With, Eternal Love_, 287. Breath control, 58. Breathing, 1ff; (faulty methods) 65.