The ancestor of the modern organ; pneumatic and hydraulic organs of classical antiquity--The organ in early mediæval times--The tenth and eleventh centuries: cloister and minster organs; the twelfth and thirteenth centuries: introduction of the ‘portative’ organ and balanced keys; the fourteenth century: chromatic keyboard; pedals; organ blowing--Fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; cathedral and church organs; the _Rückpositiv_; the Spanish _partida_; builders--The seventeenth century: mechanical development; tuning; union of manuals; the eighteenth century; the ‘Swell’; English builders; the Silbermanns--_Rococo_ adornment of cases; the nineteenth century and the birth of the modern instrument--Pneumatic action; electric action; the Universal Air Chest; duplex stop control; tonal improvements--the chamber organ; the concert organ. XV. EARLY ORGAN MUSIC 415 The old Italian masters: Landino to Frescobaldi--Early German masters; the forerunners of Bach; Hassler, Pachelbel, Buxtehude--J. S. Bach: the toccatas, the preludes and fugues, the sonatas and other works--The early French composers: Couperin and Rameau; Spain and Portugal; the Netherlands--The early English masters; Tye, Tallis, Byrd, Bull, Gibbons, etc.--Purcell; Handel. XVI. ORGAN MUSIC AFTER BACH AND HANDEL 456 The eclipse of organ music after Bach; Bach’s pupils and other organ masters of the classic period--Organ composers of the romantic period: Mendelssohn, Liszt, Rheinberger and others--Great French organists of the nineteenth century--English organists since Handel. XVII. MODERN ORGAN MUSIC 479 Supremacy of modern French organ music; Saint-Saëns; Guilmant: sonatas and smaller works--Widor: organ symphonies; Dubois; Gigout and other French organ-writers--German organ composers; Piutti; Klose; Reger; chorale-fantasias; Karg-Elert and others--Organ music in Italy; Capocci; Bossi; Busoni and others--English organ composers since 1850--Organ music in the United States; early history; Dudley Buck; Frederick Archer and Clarence Eddy; contemporary American organ composers. LITERATURE 503 INDEX 507 CHORAL AND CHURCH MUSIC CHAPTER I MUSIC OF THE EARLY AND MEDIÆVAL CHURCH AND EARLY SECULAR MUSIC