From about the time of the Moorish invasion, the changes in the arms and armour of the Spaniards coincided in the main with those in other parts of western Europe. Nevertheless, as late as the eleventh century the Spanish sword retained the characteristic which had endeared it to the Roman legionaries--namely, a hilt of small dimensions and a broad and shortish blade. In course of time the blade grows narrower and begins to taper towards the point. The _quillons_ or crossbars (Spanish _arriaces_, from the Arabic _arrias_, a sword-hilt) were originally straight or semicircular, and ended in a knob (_manzana_, literally "apple"; Latin _pomum_, English _pommel_). Thus, in the _Poem of the Cid_ we find the verse:-- "_Las manzanas é los arriaces todos de oro son._" Throughout these early times the scabbard was of wood lined with leather or with velvet, and strengthened and adorned with leather bands; but when the owner was of high estate, it often bore enamels in the _cloisonné_ style; that is, with patches of the coloured, vitreous substance bordered and fastened in by metal wire. In Spain this style, undoubtedly of foreign origin, was superseded in the thirteenth century by _champlevé_ enamelling, in which the enamel lies within a hollowed ground. Spanish mediæval weapons down to the fourteenth century are specified in the _fuero_ of Cáceres and other documents contemporary with their use. Next always in importance to the sword we find the hatchet, lance, crossbow, and mace. Montaner's _Chronicle of the Kings of Aragon_ tells us that the sovereign, mace in hand, dealt one of his enemies "such a blow upon his iron hat that his brains came oozing out at his ears." Covarrubias mentions a dart-shaped missile called the _azcona_--a word which some authorities derive from the Arabic, and others from the Basque _gascona_, an arm employed by the natives of Gascony. The former derivation seems the likelier. The _fuero_ of Cáceres mentions the _tarágulo_, described by the Count of Clonard as a kind of dagger; and at the close of the thirteenth century appears in Spain the poniard, which was called among the Germans _Panzerbrecher_, or "breaker of cuirasses," and among the French the _misericorde_. The _fuero_ of Cáceres tells us, furthermore, what was the regular equipment of the Spanish foot and mounted soldier of that period. "Each horseman shall go forth to battle with a shield, a lance, a sword, and spurs; and he that carries not all these shall pay each time five sheep wherewith to feed the soldiers.... Each mounted man or pawn that trotteth not or runneth not to quit his town or village as he hears the call,--the first shall have his horse's tail cut off; the other shall have his beard clipped." Defensive arms included various kinds of coverings for the head; the _lóriga_ or covering for the body, the _cálcias_ or covering for the legs, and the shield.