The _lóriga_ (Latin _lorica_) was the ordinary hauberk or shirt of mail, such as was worn all over military Europe, made of rings or scales sewed strongly on a linen or leather under-tunic consisting of a single piece, and reaching to the knee. The _Gran Conquista de Ultramar_ of Alfonso el Sabio also informs us that it was tied at certain openings known as _ventanas_ ("windows"), and that the collar of the tunic was called the _gorguera_. The resistance of the Spanish _lóriga_ to a pointed weapon does not seem to have been great, for the Chronicle of the Monk of Silos says that at the siege of Viseo the arrows of the Moorish bowmen went through the triple _lórigas_ of their foe. Towards the twelfth century the custom arose of wearing over the coat of mail a loose, sleeveless frock (the _Waffenrock_ of Germany), woven of linen or some other light material, painted or embroidered with the owner's arms. As the Count of Clonard observes, it is clearly this kind of frock that is referred to in the following passage of the _Leyes de Partida_: "For some (of the knights) placed upon the armour carried by themselves and by their horses,[109] signs that were different one from another, in order to be known thereby; while others placed them on their heads, or on their helmets." [109] The horse was also covered with a _lóriga_, on which, from about the twelfth century, were thrown the decorative trappings of _cendal_ or thin silk, painted or embroidered with the warrior's arms. [Illustration: XLI THE BATTLE OF LA HIGUERUELA (_Wall painting. Hall of Battles, El Escorial_)] The Normans used a form of hauberk with attached mail-stockings. In Spain we find in lieu of this leg-covering, the Roman _cálcia_ (Latin _caliga_), extending from the foot to just below the thigh, and subsequently called the _brafonera_.[110] This was, in fact, a separate mail-stocking, made of closely interlacing steel rings, and worn above the leather boots or _trebuqueras_. [110] "_Calzó las brafoneras que eran bien obradas Con sortijas de acero, sabet bien enlazadas; Asi eran presas é bien trabadas, Que semejaban calzas de las tiendas taiadas._" _Poem of the Cid._