(55) PETRIE (Professor W. M. Flinders), _Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt_, published by T. M. Foulis, London, 1909.—Stone working is discussed in chapter vii. As regards granite, Prof. Petrie favours the suggestion that wetted wooden wedges were used (cf. section 4 of this volume). He gives valuable details as to the sawing and drilling of granite, the polishing of its surface and {54} the cutting of hieroglyphs. On the erection of obelisks he says (page 77), referring to the setting up of colossi under Ramesses IV: “A causeway of earth was made sloping up for the length of a quarter of a mile; it was 93 feet wide and 103 feet high on the slope, probably about 60 or 70 feet vertically, as the slopes were held up steeply with facings of timber and brushwood. The purpose of this evidently was to raise the great block by sliding it on its side up the slope and then to tilt it upright by gravity over the head of the slope. How the mass would be turned we have nothing to show, but probably the simplest way, by gradually removing earth, would be followed. By next ramming earth behind the obelisk as it lay on the slope, it would be quite practicable to force it forward into an upright position.” PETRIE, _A History of Egypt, XVII–XVIII^{th} dynasties_, published by Methuen, 1904.—On pages 131 and 132 Prof. Petrie discusses the probable original height of the Constantinople obelisk, and speculates on the possibility that it is one mentioned by Ḥatshepsôwet as having been 108 cubits high (see sections 3 and 43 of this volume). PETRIE, _Tools and Weapons_, published by Bernard Quaritch, 1917.—This gives photographs and drawings of each kind of Egyptian tool and weapon, compared with similar examples from other countries. PLINY, _Natural History_, book XVI, chap. 76, and book XXXVI, chap. 14 and 15, transport of an obelisk to the Vaticanian Circus in Roman times, with details of an immense ship; book XXXVI, chap. 14, water transport of an obelisk under Augustus and the transport of an obelisk by canal under Ptolemy Philadelphus (see section 54); erection of an obelisk under king ‘Rhamsesis’ (section 35). (56) WILKINSON (Sir G.), _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_.—Although somewhat out of date, this is still the standard work on the subject, especially as regards arts and crafts. The portions directly concerning the subjects under discussion are as follows: Vol. I, p. 276; boats. Vol. II, pp. 211, 212; boats. Vol. II, pp. 254, 255; probability of tempering copper. Vol. II, pp. 300–312; quarrying, stone working and the transport of large blocks. WILSON (Erasmus), _Cleopatra’s Needle and Egyptian Obelisks_.—The method of lowering and raising the London Obelisk was almost exactly the same as that of the New York Obelisk. The water transport, however, was effected by enclosing the obelisk in an iron shell in which it was towed to England. {55} INDEX. Abandoning obelisk, reason of, 6, 10. Alaqi, Wady, 12, 27.