The atom and the Bohr theory of its structure : $b an elementary presentationHolst, Helge
Science
The atom and the Bohr theory of its structure : $b an elementary presentation
Holst, Helge
Atomic theory
eject the electron completely from the normal state and thus make the
atom into a positive ion, the Bohr theory gives a value of the same
order of magnitude as the so-called “ionization potentials” which have
been found by experiment for various gases. An exact correspondence
between theory and experiment could for hydrogen not be attained with
certainty, because the hydrogen atoms in hydrogen gas under ordinary
conditions always appear united in molecules.
In his very first paper, however, Bohr had studied Balmer’s formula
also from another point of view, and had derived in this way an
expression for the Rydberg constant K which agreed with experiment.
These considerations have reference to the above-mentioned connection
of the theory with the classical theory of electrodynamics.
Such a connection had previously been known to exist in the fact
that, for long wave-lengths, the radiation formula of Planck reduces
practically to the Rayleigh Jeans Law which can be derived from
electrodynamics. This is related to the fact that when ν is small (long
wave-lengths), the energy quantum _h_ν is very small, and hence
the character of the radiation emitted will approach more and more
nearly to a continuous “unquantized” radiation. One might then expect
that the Bohr theory also should lead in the limit of long wave-lengths
and small frequencies to results resembling those of the ordinary
electrodynamic theory of the radiation process. On the Bohr theory
we get the long wave-lengths for transitions between two stationary
states of high numbers (numbers which also differ little from each
other). Thus suppose _n_ is a very large number. Then the
transition from the orbit _n_ to the orbit _n_ - 1 will give
rise to radiation of great wave-length. For in this case Aₙ and Aₙ₋₁
differ very little, and accordingly _h_ν is very small, as must
ν be also. According to the electrodynamic theory of radiation, the
revolving electron should emit radiation whose frequency is equal to
the electron’s frequency of revolution. According to the Bohr theory it
is impossible to fulfil this condition exactly, since radiation results
from a transition between two stationary orbits in each of which the
electron has a distinct revolutional frequency. But if _n_ is a
large number, the difference between the frequencies of revolution ωₙ
and ωₙ₋₁ for the two orbits _n_ and _n_ - 1, respectively,
becomes very small; for example, for _n_ = 100, it is only 3 per
cent. For a certain high value of _n_, then, the frequency of the
emitted radiation can therefore be _approximately_ equal to the
frequency of revolution of the electron in both the two orbits, between
which the transition takes place. But even if this proved correct for
values of n about 100, one could not be sure beforehand whether it
would work out right for still larger values of _n_, for example,
1000.
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