The object of this prefatory note would not be achieved if I failed to express adequately my acknowledgment to my teacher and friend Professor Frederick J. Teggart, of the University of California. His inspiration led me to appreciate the importance of institutional studies; his continued encouragement has helped me over the hard places in the work; and I am conscious now of the extent to which he has sought, by vigilant criticism, to guard me against precipitateness. I am indebted to Professor Herbert Bolton for valuable aid and for advice in the final presentation of the manuscript; to Dr. Charles Wilson Hackett for a systematic revision of the Bibliography and of the footnotes; to Professor E. C. Barker for advice and assistance; to Professor W. R. Shepherd and Professor Francis S. Philbrick for their criticism of portions of this book; and to Messrs. A. H. Allen and Morse A. Cartwright of the University of California Press for their many manifestations of courtesy and patience in the supervision of its publication. To Professor H. Morse Stephens of the University of California and to the generous order of the Native Sons of the Golden West I am indebted for the rare opportunity of two years of foreign residence and research in the various archives of Spain. Finally, my greatest indebtedness is to my wife, who has cheerfully given up the pleasures and conveniences of life among friends in home surroundings to accompany me to less pleasant places, in order that I might succeed in the work which I have undertaken. Charles H. Cunningham. University of Texas, Austin, Texas, March 1, 1918. CONTENTS Pages Preface v-vii Introduction 1-7 CHAPTER I The Audiencias of the Spanish Colonies 8-31 CHAPTER II The Establishment of the Audiencia of Manila (1583-1598) 32-82 CHAPTER III The Judicial Functions of the Audiencia 83-120 CHAPTER IV The Judicial Functions of the Audiencia: The Residencia 121-159 CHAPTER V The Semi-Judicial and Administrative Functions of the Audiencia 160-192 CHAPTER VI The Audiencia and the Governor: General Relations 193-225 CHAPTER VII The Audiencia and the Governor: The Military Jurisdiction 226-258 CHAPTER VIII The Audiencia and the Governor: Conflicts of Jurisdiction 259-303 CHAPTER IX