[2] Cf. Varro, _De Lat. ling._ v. 90 ‘auxilium appellatum ab auctu, quum accesserant ei qui adiumento essent alienigenae’. Festus, _Epit._ 17 ‘auxiliares dicuntur in bello socii Romanorum exterarum nationum’. [3] Livy, xlii. 35. [4] Livy, xliii. 7. [5] Plutarch, _Vit. C. Gracchi_ 16; Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ ii. 7. [6] The famous occasion when Caesar, distrusting his auxiliaries, mounted some of the tenth legion, proves conclusively that he had then no citizen cavalry in his army. Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ i. 42. [7] Sallust, _Bell. Iug._ 46. [8] Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ ii. 7. [9] See Dr. T. Ashby’s article in the _Classical Review_ for August 1909, and _A. E._ 1911, n. 126, for a further fragment of the text. [10] Cf. Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ vii. 13 ‘Germanos equites circiter CCCC summittit, quos ab initio habere secum instituerat’, and c. 65 of the same book. [11] _Auct. de bell. Afr._ 6 ‘Accidit res incredibilis, ut equites minus xxx Galli Maurorum equitum duo milia loco pellerent’. [12] Appian, _Bell. Civ._ iv. 88. [13] The First Mithridatic War is a very good example. [14] Dio Cassius, lii. 27. [15] Velleius, ii. 112; Tac. _Ann._ iv. 24. [16] Josephus, _Bell. Iud._ iii. 4. 2. [17] Arrian, _Ect._ 7. [18] Tac. _Ann._ i. 56; ii. 11. [19] Dio Cassius, lv. 29. [20] Velleius, ii. 113. [21] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 12, _Germ._ 29. [22] Tac. _Hist._ i. 55. [23] Tac. _Hist._ iii. 47 ‘Caesa ibi (at Trapezus) cohors, regium auxilium olim; mox donati civitate Romana signa armaque in nostrum modum, desidiam licentiamque Graecorum retinebant’. [24] D. lviii (138-46). [25] viii. 18042 (Hadrian’s speech) and D. civ (106) for Noricum. [26] viii. 9358, 9359, 21039. [27] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 46 ‘Causa motus super hominum ingenium, quod pati dilectus et validissimum quemque militiae nostrae dare aspernabantur, ne regibus quidem parere nisi ex libidine soliti, aut si mitterent auxilia, suos ductores praeficere nec nisi adversum accolas belligerare’. [28] The _praefecti civitatium_, usually ex-centurions, who are mentioned on many inscriptions. Cf. v. 1838, ix. 2564. [29] The question how far this practice was maintained will be found discussed in a later section. [30] They undoubtedly furnished the _octo auxiliarium cohortibus_ sent to Britain by Nero in 61. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 38, and _Hist._ iv. 12. [31] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 12 ‘cohortibus quas vetere instituto nobilissimi popularium regebant’.