We thus arrive at the following totals for the auxilia at this period: The Eastern provinces 30,000 men The Danubian provinces 40,000 „ Germany and Raetia 45,000 „ The two Mauretanias 15,000 „ ------- 130,000 „ ------- To this at least another 50,000 men must be added for the auxilia of Britain, Spain, Africa, Noricum, and the small garrisons of the inland provinces, making a grand total of 180,000 men. The next forty years saw the figure mount even higher. The remaining client kingdoms in the East, which were still strong enough to furnish 15,000 men for the Jewish war in 67, were annexed, and the appearance of several new units with the titles _Flavia_ or _Ulpia_ shows that more than this number of regular auxilia was raised in their place.[156] Even Hadrian seems to have made a few additions to the list, since his foreign policy, though essentially pacific, was based upon a system of frontier defence to which the auxilia were more than ever essential.[157] In Appendix I, where the evidence as to the strength and distribution of the auxilia in the second century is discussed in detail, it is suggested that by the middle of the second century the force may have amounted to some 220,000 men, and that even this figure was probably exceeded sixty years later. Footnotes: [34] _De Bell. Afr._ 78. [35] Cicero, _De Off._ ii. 13. 45. [36] In a note to the French translation of Mommsen and Marquardt (xi. 105) von Domaszewski declares decidedly against the possibility that the _equites sociorum_ were organized in _alae_. Writing in Pauly-Wissowa (s.v. _Auxilia_), he seems to consider that the auxiliary cavalry had adopted the formation before the close of the Republic, although the passages to which he refers, those from Cicero and the author of the _Bell. Afr._ which are given above, seem at least to be susceptible of a different interpretation. [37] For _praefecti equitum_ cf. Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ iii. 26; iv. 11. They are not to be thought of as merely commanding _turmae_, since we have a decurion mentioned in _Bell. Gall._ i. 23. [38] This organization cannot have taken place earlier since it is obvious from Caesar’s narrative that during the Gallic campaigns no attempt was made to reduce the tribal contingents to units of a fixed size. [39] Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ i. 18. [40] [Caesar,] _Bell. Gall._ viii. 12. He is described as _principe civitatis, praefecto equitum_. [41] Caesar, _Bell. Civ._ iii. 59. [42] See _Eph. Ep._ v. 142, n. 1. The _ala_ is only known from x. 6011.