The Aviator and the Weather BureauCarpenter, Ford A. (Ford Ashman)
History
The Aviator and the Weather Bureau
Carpenter, Ford A. (Ford Ashman)
Aeronautics; Meteorology in aeronautics
The weather map:
How constructed.
How distributed.
Specimen maps showing differing conditions in California.
Winds, velocity and frequency:
On-shore.
Off-shore.
Discussion of air conditions December 20–22, 1914.
The international weather map.
Relation to weekly forecasts.
Cardinal climatic features:
Ascending winds and types producing them:
Cloud, fog, precipitation.
Descending winds:
“Northers” and dust-storms.
Thermograph and hygrograph traces.
Factors in the meteorology of southern California:
Influence of latitude:
Sea.
Mountains.
Desert.
Path and distribution of storm areas.
Knowledge of local climatology necessary in flying.
Local winds discussed:
“Woollies” (descending wind eddies).
“Chubascos” (south coast thunder squall).
“Santa Anas” (northeasterly and desiccating).
“Wilmingtons” (northwesterly line-squall).
“_Practical Meteorology for the Aviator_”
(Illustrated by 72 lantern-slides from photographs by the author)
Historical:
Original work begun in Scotland, year 1749.
Characteristics--
English work; Dines’ minute meteorograph.
French work; Dr. Berson’s balloon ascent of 6½ miles.
German work; detailed data in low altitudes.
American work began with Franklin.
The Upper Air:
Definition:
“Stratosphere” is (according to some authorities) the
dynamical laboratory of the atmosphere where the
main causes of pressure originate.
Results in America:
Balloon meteorograph (Fig. 3).
Charts showing rate of increase in wind velocity with
elevation (Chart No. 4).
Wind, temperature, pressure, humidity at maximum airplane
height of 26,242 feet.
Stratosphere:
Lower level in winter than in summer.
Lower temperature in summer when surface pressure is
high.
Definition:
“Troposphere” is the physical laboratory where cloud
and rain are produced by local causes and induced
by the effect of the dynamical changes in the upper air.
Conditions within 6 or 7 miles of the earth’s surface.
Clouds and their Meaning:
Cirrus:
Height and composition.
Formation:
Perpendicular shafts of clouds indicate rapid changes
in weather.
Horizontal layers, no change and clouds will dissipate.
Cirro-stratus, threatening in winter.
Cirro-cumulus, fair and foul varieties differentiated.
Cumulus with strong uplift.
Alto-cumulus, cause of parallel rows.
Fracto-cumulus, wind indicator, Point Loma “woolly.”
Stratus.
Alto-stratus, favorable for flying.
Strato-cumulus, long shallow rolls, threatening in winter.
Cumulo-nimbus, unsafe air conditions for flying.
Fracto-nimbus, waterspouts and their causes.
Velo cloud, examples, cause, effect, distribution, density.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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