Marshall Islands have received no avian components from Melanesia. The absence of "high" islands in the Marshalls and the possible inability of birds accustomed to life on the luxuriant islands of Melanesia to become established on relatively barren atolls are logical reasons for this. Instead of New Guinea itself, the outlying islands of Melanesia (Bismarck Archipelago, Solomons, Southern Melanesia) probably have been the principal "taking-off" places for birds invading Micronesia. MOLUCCAN AND CELEBESIAN COMPONENTS Birds which reached Micronesia by way of the islands of Celebes and the Moluccas may have been derived originally from Melanesia. The following birds appear to have used this route: _Porphyrio porphyrio_, probably _Halcyon chloris_, _Rhipidura lepida_, _Myiagra oceanica_, _Zosterops conspicillata_, and _Z. cinerea_. These birds apparently became established initially in the Palaus; _Porphyrio_ and _Rhipidura lepida_ have not been recorded elsewhere in Micronesia, but _Myiagra_ and the two species of _Zosterops_ have spread to the Carolines and Marianas, although not into the Marshall Islands. Wind from the southeast in summer and fall has probably been a factor aiding these colonizations. The population of _Gallinula chloropus_ resident at Palau may also have arrived by this route. PHILIPPINE COMPONENT Ten of the kinds of birds of Micronesia have come from or by way of the Philippine area. These are known principally from the Palaus and the Marianas and include: _Rallus philippinus_, _R. owstoni_, _Poliolimnas cinereus_, _Caprimulgus indicus_, _Corvus kubaryi_, _Psamathia annae_, _Artamus leucorhynchus_, possibly _Lonchura nigerrima_, and _Collocalia inexpectata_. The Philippines may have been the actual point of dispersal of the birds (example, _Psamathia_), or may have been used as a stepping stone to Micronesia by birds coming from Melanesia (examples, _Rallus_ and _Artamus_), by birds from Malaysia (example, _Collocalia_), and by birds from Asia (example, _Caprimulgus_). Two birds of this component have reached the islands of eastern Micronesia. A subspecies of _Lonchura nigerrima_ is endemic at Ponapé, and a subspecies of _Poliolimnas cinereus_ occurs on several islands in the Carolines and has even been recorded at Bikini in the Marshall Islands. Three species are known only from the Palaus; two are known only from the Marianas. PALEARCTIC COMPONENT [Illustration: FIG. 8. Faunal areas from which the resident land birds and fresh-water birds of Micronesia have been derived. (1) Palearctica; (2) Philippines; (3) Moluccas and Celebes (Malaysia); (4) Melanesia (New Guinea and northern Melanesia); (5) Polynesia.]