Umiak, Eskimo, 174, 181-190; qualities, 175, 176, 178; use, 175, 176; design, 176, 178, 182-183; compared with curragh, 176, 178; skin cover, 176, 178, 186, 188; construction, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183-187, 188; oars and paddles, 182, 183, 187 ff.; headboards, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190; flare of sides, 182, 183, 188; sheer, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190; rake of ends, 182, 187, 190; rocker of bottom (camber), 182, 184, 188, 189; thwarts, 182, 187; risers, 182, 187 ff.; v-bottom, 182, 184, 189; gunwales, 182, 184 ff., 190; Alaskan, 182, 183, 187 ff.; Chukchi (Asiatic), 182, 183, 188; Koryak, 182, 189; Greenland, 182, 189; frames (ribs), 184 ff., 189, 190; keelson, 184, 186, 188; thong brace, 186, 187, 190; rudder, 187, 189; whaling, 187, 188; King Island, 187; hogging brace, 188; portaging, 188; Baffin Island, 189, 190 Unalaska kayak, 196 United States Fish Commission, 202 United States National Museum, 183, 188, 189, 197, 199, 204 ~V~-bottom canoe, Malecite, 74, 75, 76, 77; St. Francis, 89; Beothuk, 96, 98, 100; Têtes de Boule, 107; Algonkin, 113 kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211 umiak, 182, 184, 189 ~V~-Form (see ~V~-bottom) Viking boat, 187 voyageur, 143; loads carried by, 143, 144; number required for a canoe, 145; paddle requirement, 152 wabinaki chiman (Algonkin canoe), 114, 119, 131 walrus skin, for umiak, 183; for kayak, 194 war canoe, 10; Micmac, 58, 65; Malecite, 70 war party, Malecite, 71; traveling, 212; Iroquois, 214 Waswanipi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151 water, Indian methods of boiling, 20 weapons, for kayaks, 194, 211 weather cloth, 183 wedge, 38, 156 Western Cree Indians, 132, 155; canoe, 72, 132-134, 155 Wewenoc Indians, 88 Weymouth, Captain George, 7 whaleboat, 187 whaling umiak, 187, 188 Whitbourne, Captain Richard, 94 White Fish People (Indian tribe), 107 wide-bottom canoe, 54 willow, 17 Winnipeg, Lake, 132 wood (for kayaks), 192, 200, 204 wood bending, by hot water, 20; over a fire, 69 wood splitting, 17, 18, 19 woods canoe, 58, 65 Woodstock, New Brunswick, 4, 75 wulegessis, 72, 73, 77, 82, 90, 120, 121 York boat, 220 Yukon Indians, 190 Yukon River canoe, 159; kayak-form, 164, 165, 166, 190 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 O--491-230 * * * * * * Transcriber's note: Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.