=Siege of 1870.=—In 1870, Verdun offered a more stubborn resistance. When the Saxon troops, about 10,000 in number, appeared to the east of the town, the garrison of the latter comprised only 1,500 regular troops, including fifty artillerymen, 2,000 “mobiles” (newly levied men) and 1,400 men of the National Sedentary Guard, while its armament consisted of twenty mortars, two howitzers and ninety-six guns, of which only forty-six were rifled. Under the command of General Guérin de Waldersbach, seconded by General Marmier, this small garrison repulsed an attack on August 24th, and refused to surrender. After being reinforced by 2,600 men who had escaped from Sedan, several sallies were made. By September 23rd the enemy had completely encircled the town, and were forcing the inhabitants of the surrounding villages to help with the siege-works. On the night of October 19th thirty sappers, twenty-five artillerymen and 100 foot soldiers surprised the two German batteries on Heyvaux Hill, between Thierville and Regret, on the left bank, and after hand-to-hand fighting, spiked all the guns. After the fall of Metz, Verdun, besieged by 15,000 men with 140 heavy guns, in addition to field artillery, surrendered on November 8th with the honours of war. The town had been bombarded three times. On August 24th it received about 2,000 shells; on September 26th the Citadel received 1,000 to 1,200 shells in five hours; on October 13th, 14th and 15th 20,000 to 25,000 shells fell in the town, severely damaging the upper part and the Citadel. The name of the German Prefect who governed Verdun and the Meuse province was Von Bethmann Hollweg. THE WAR OF 1914–1918 Abbreviations: Q.G., _General Headquarters_; P.C., _Post of Commandment_. =German= army corps are indicated by Roman figures followed by the letters “C” for the _active_ and “R.C.” for the _reserve_. =French= army corps are indicated by arabic figures followed by the letters “C.A.” =German= infantry divisions are indicated by their number followed by the letters “D” for the _active_, “R.D.” for the _reserve_, “D.L.” for the “_Landwehr_,” and “E.D.” for the “_Ersatz_.” =French= infantry divisions are indicated by their number followed by the letters “D.I.” Verdun played an essential part in the great war. In 1914, during the battle of the Marne, the army under General Sarrail, resting on Verdun, formed the pivot for Marshal Joffre’s manœuvre (_see the Michelin Guide_: “=The Battle of the Marne=,” part III., “_The Revigny Pass_”). [Illustration: VERDUN—PIVOT OF THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE.]