_The_ BEHAVIOR OF CROWDS _A Psychological Study_ _by_ Everett Dean Martin _Lecturer in Social Philosophy and Director of the Cooper Union Forum of the People's Institute of New York_ [Illustration] HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS NEW YORK AND LONDON THE BEHAVIOR OF CROWDS Copyright, 1920, by Harper & Brothers Printed in the United States of America H--W CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE FOREWORD vii I. THE CROWD AND THE SOCIAL PROBLEM OF TO-DAY 1 II. HOW CROWDS ARE FORMED 11 III. THE CROWD AND THE UNCONSCIOUS 51 IV. THE EGOISM OF THE CROWD-MIND 73 V. THE CROWD A CREATURE OF HATE 92 VI. THE ABSOLUTISM OF THE CROWD-MIND 133 VII. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF REVOLUTIONARY CROWDS 166 VIII. THE FRUITS OF REVOLUTION--NEW CROWD-TYRANNIES FOR OLD 219 IX. FREEDOM AND GOVERNMENT BY CROWDS 233 X. EDUCATION AS A POSSIBLE CURE FOR CROWD-THINKING 281 INDEX 305 FOREWORD Since the publication of Le Bon's book, _The Crowd_, little has been added to our knowledge of the mechanisms of crowd-behavior. As a practical problem, the habit of crowd-making is daily becoming a more serious menace to civilization. Events are making it more and more clear that, pressing as are certain economic questions, the forces which threaten society are really psychological. Interest in the economic struggle has to a large extent diverted attention from the significance of the problems of social psychology. Social psychology is still a rather embryonic science, and this notwithstanding the fact that psychiatry has recently provided us with a method with which we may penetrate more deeply than ever before into the inner sources of motive and conduct.